Scientia Agropecuaria

Acute heat stress detrimental effects transpose high mortality rate and affecting broiler breast meat quality

Acute heat stress may affect the quality of broilers meat, however there are no reports considering thermal conditions commercially available in Brazil. In this way, the present work aimed to fill this gap of industrial relevance. Broilers of commercial strain (Cobb 500, n = 540) were randomly assigned to two thermal conditions: acute heat stress (AHS; 35°C; 75 - 85% relative humidity) and not-heat-stress (NS; 22ºC; 83 ± 6.6% relative humidity), for 2 hours prior to slaughter. The mortality rate for AHS broilers reached 37%, which was greater than 5.2% verified for NS. According to the mean values, the broiler chickens were not totally affected in the parameters of pH24h, lightness (L*), cooking loss, and shear force. However, the distributions of data show great variability in the values of pH24h, L* and water holding capacity (WHC) for AHS broilers. It is suggested that AHS broilers, at severe conditions which result in increased mortality, present breast meat with greater incidence of higher pH24h, and lower lightness and WHC values.

Effect of gamma radiation of 60Co on sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) (Asteraceae), from irradiated achenes

In order to know the effect of 60Co gamma irradiation, in the sunflower crop, were irradiated achenes in the Transelektro LGI-01 in the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares. The data was evaluated under a completely randomized design, where the treatments were 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 Gy and four repetitions (10x4) = 40 experimental units. The response variables were: plant height, root length and volume, dry biomass. The results indicated that germination and sprouting decreased as the radiation increased, adjusting these to a quadratic model. Plant height, length, root volume and dry biomass decreased at high doses. From this investigation it was concluded, that doses of 100 and 200 Gy, have a stimulating effect on plant height and root length, being an important agent, to induce genetic variability in sunflower.

HS-SPME-GC-MS detection of volatile compounds in Myrciaria jabuticaba Fruit

This study was performed to investigate the volatile compounds for the characteristic aroma in jabuticaba fruit distributed in southern and central regions of Brazil. The present work combines headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and high resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques to identify and quantify the volatile compounds. The influence of different SPME fibers (CAR/PDMS and DVB/CAR/PDMS) in extraction of volatile compounds was evaluated. The effects of extraction temperature and salt concentration (NaCl) in the extraction medium were studied using the response surface methodology in order to achieve the highest extraction efficiency. The better extraction of volatile compounds was achieved by using a CAR/PDMS fiber and the optimum adsorption conditions were at 42 °C for 30 min and 5% NaCl concentration. A total of 71 compounds were identified, among these, 57% were terpenes which was the most representative class of compounds, followed by esters (19%), aldehydes (10%), alcohols (5.5%) and aromatics compounds (4.4%) and other organic compounds 2.8%. Limonene and ethyl acetate were the volatile compounds that showed highest relative concentration and these could contribute to the characteristic aroma of the jabuticaba fruit along with other compounds such as b-pinene, δ-cadinene, linalool, b-guaiene, and α-caryophyllene.

Economía institucional de la cadena productiva de la quinua en Junín, Perú

El objetivo fue analizar la estructura e institucionalidad de la cadena productiva de la quinua del departamento de Junín con la finalidad de determinar su competitividad, identificar a sus gobernadores y las posibles alianzas entre actores. El estudio se realizó en cuatro provincias donde se aplicaron 399 encuestas por muestreo, además de entrevistas y un Taller con los actores de esa cadena. Según el cluster bietápico aplicado a la clasificación de los productores de quinua, el 80% de ellos fueron pequeños y la diferenciación se debió a las variables productivas y tecnológicas. La cadena productiva de la quinua está integrada por actores formales e informales, siendo poco competitiva, y los actores con mayor influencia fueron el Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego, el Gobierno Regional y los gobiernos locales. Según el análisis estructural, las posibles alianzas por objetivos prioritarios de cada actor, serían inicialmente entre los productores organizados con las instituciones regionales. Se concluye que la cadena productiva de la quinua muestra débil organización y frágil institucionalidad, lo que dificulta su interrelación con los diversos actores que la integran.

The aim of this research was to analyze the structure and institutionality of the supply chain of quinoa in the region of Junin, in order to determine its competitiveness, identify governors and possible alliances between actors. This study was made in four provinces where 399 surveys by sampling were applied; interviews and a workshop with the supply chain actors were also performed. According to two-stage cluster method applied to the quinoa producer classification, in Junin 80% of quinoa producers were small and the differentiation was due to the productive and technological variables. The supply chain of quinoa is made up of formal and informal actors, resulting uncompetitive, and the most influence actors were the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Regional Government, and local governments. According to the structural analysis, the possible alliances by primary objectives for each actor would be initially between organized producers with regional institutions. It is concluded that the supply chain of quinoa has a weak organization and fragile institutionality that obstruct the interrelation between its actors.

Agronomic performance of corn hybrids at two locations of the central coast, Peru

Uma das alternativas para aumentar a produtividade de grãos de milho é a escolha correta do híbrido. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico de três híbridos de milho ( Zea mays L.) em dois locais da costa central, no Peru. O experimento foi desenvolvido em Quilmaná e Herbay Alto, departamento de Lima. Em cada local foi adotado o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com três tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram representados pelos híbridos A TL 310 (híbrido triplo), DK 7088 (híbrido simples) e XB 8010 (híbrido duplo). Avaliaram -se as características da planta, da espiga e produtividade. Com os dados dos dois experimentos se realizou a análise combinado, previa avaliação da homogeneidade de variâncias, e as médias foram comparadas com o teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Segundo os resultados, o DK 7088 obteve maior fileiras de grãos e grãos por espiga em Herbay Alto; enquanto que a maior massa da espiga e massa de grãos por espiga, foram obtidos pelos três híbridos em Quilmaná. Entre locais, a maior produtividade de grãos se obteve em Quilmaná; e entre híbridos, foi obtido por DK 7088. Conclui-se, que o melhor local foi Quilmaná; e o melhor híbrido, DK 7088.

An alternative to increase the productivity of corn grains is the correct choice of hybrid. The aim of the study was to evaluate the productive performance of three corn hybrids (Zea mays L.) at two locations on the central coast of Peru. The experiment was developed in Quilmaná and Herbay Alto, department of Lima. At each location, was adopted a randomized block design with three treatments and four replications. The treatments were represented by ATL 310 (triple hybrid), DK 7088 (single hybrid) and XB 8010 (double hybrid) hybrids. Evaluated the plant characteristics, spike and productivity. With data from both experiments combined analysis was carried out, preliminary evaluation of homogeneity of variance, and the means were compared using Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. According to the results, DK 7088 obtained higher rows of grains and grains per spike in Herbay Alto; while the largest spike mass and grain mass per spike were obtained by the three hybrids in Quilmaná. Among locations, the highest grain yield was obtained in Quilmaná; and among hybrids, was obtained by DK 7088. We conclude that the best location was Quilmaná; and the best hybrid, DK 7088.

La deshidratación osmótica mejora la calidad de Ananas comosus deshidratada

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la deshidratación osmótica en la calidad fisicoquímica y concentración de vitamina C en Ananas comosus deshidratada. Para la osmodeshidratación se utilizó trozos de Ananas comosus 1 cm de espesor, concentraciones 60, 65 y 70 ºBrix, tiempos de inmersión 3, 6, 24 y 48 horas, en una relación jarabe de sacarosa 2:1, posteriormente se secó con flujo de aire caliente por 3 horas a 50 ºC, velocidad 2,5 m/s. El diseño experimental empleado fue 3A x 4B, teniendo 16 unidades experimentales de las cuales 12 fueron tratamientos y 4 control, con tres repeticiones, dispuestos en un diseño completamente al azar. Se realizó el análisis fisicoquímico y se determinó la concentración de vitamina C. Con la evaluación estadística de comparaciones múltiples de Tukey al 95%, se encontró que Ananas comosus osmodeshidrata y secada, presentó mejores características fisicoquímicas a 70 °Brix por 48 horas, humedad 15,23%, solidos solubles 25,1 °Brix, acidez 0,79%, pH 4,35 y mayor concentración de vitamina C 10,39 mg/100g. La osmodeshidratación puede ser considerada como proceso alternativo para mejorar la calidad de Ananas comosus deshidratada.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of osmotic dehydration on the physicochemical quality and vitamin C concentration in dehydrated Ananas Comosus. For the osmodeshydration, pieces of Ananas Comosus of 1cm thickness were used, in concentrations of 60, 65 and 70 ºBrix, with immersion times of 3, 6, 24 and 48 hours, in a sucrose syrup ratio of 2: 1, later was dried with hot air for 3 hours at 50 °C with a velocity of 2.5 m/s. The experimental design employed was 3A x 4B, having 16 experimental units of which 12 were treatments and 4 control, with three replicates, a completely randomized design was used. The physicochemical analysis was performed and the concentration of vitamin C was determined. With the statistical evaluation of Tukey's multiple comparisons at 95%, it was found that Ananas comosus osmodeshidrata and dried, presented better physicochemical characteristics at 70 °Brix per 48 hours, humidity 15.23%, soluble solids 25.1 °Brix, acidity 0.79%, pH 4.35 and higher concentration (10.39 mg/100g) of vitamin C (treatment 12). Osmodehydration can be considered as an alternative process to improve the quality of dehydrated Ananas comosus.

Analysis of climate types: Main strategies for sustainable decisions in agricultural areas of Carabobo, Venezuela

Recently, the agricultural zones of Carabobo present problems with the water available for crops influenced by the fluctuation between Precipitation and Potential Evapotranspiration. It is for this reason that the need arises to analyze the climatic types according to the degree of humidity. The Climatic Hydrological Balance methodology was used for 25 rainfall stations in Carabobo, Venezuela, for a period of common registration (1969 - 1999). The results show that four regions were found where humidity behaves differently, the greatest excesses are to the south of the state and it was found that the climatological stations located north of Carabobo have a greater annual deficit. The most relevant agricultural areas are represented by a water index of (-2.16 to -18.96); which determines a dry sub-humid climate with annual rainfall ranging between 921 mm and 1063 mm. This study generated vital information in those agricultural areas that require additional irrigation or controls with structural drainage works that prevent certain crops sensitive to excess water from being damaged.

Efecto del tratamiento enzimático de la semilla de moringa (Moringa oleífera) sobre las características físico-químicas del aceite obtenido por extracción con prensa expeller

En el presente estudio se evaluó la eficacia del uso de una enzima (hemicelulasa al 2%, materia prima:agua de 3:1 y tiempo de hidrólisis de 24 horas) para incrementar el rendimiento de la extracción del aceite de moringa con prensa-expeller y los cambios en las características fisicoquímicas y antioxidantes del aceite. Se obtuvo un mayor rendimiento en la extracción del aceite de moringa realizada con previo tratamiento enzimático y se encontró diferencias significativas en el índice de peróxido y grado de acidez en la caracterización fisicoquímica del aceite. Se determinó que el ácido oleico se encuentra en mayor proporción en el aceite de moringa (72%) y se encontró elevadas concentraciones de tocoferoles, siendo el α-tocoferol el isómero mayoritario (aproximadamente un 80% del total). Además, se determinó que el aceite de moringa extraído con previo tratamiento enzimático presentó un mayor contenido de polifenoles totales con respecto al aceite de moringa control, sin embargo, no se encontró diferencias significaticas en la capacidad antioxixdante lipofílica e hidrofílica del aceite de moringa determinada por el método ABTS.

In the present study, the efficiency of the use of an enzyme (2% hemicellulase, raw material: water of 3: 1 and hydrolysis time of 24 hours) was evaluated to increase the yield of the moringa oil extraction with press expeller and the changes in the physicochemical and antioxidant characteristics of the oil. It was obtained a greater yield in the extraction of the moringa oil realized with previous enzymatic treatment and was found significant differences in the peroxide index and degree of acidity in the physicochemical characterization of the oil. It was determined that oleic acid was found to be higher in moringa oil (72%) and high concentrations of tocopherols were found, with α-tocopherol being the major isomer (approximately 80% of the total). In addition, it was determined that the moringa oil extracted with previous enzymatic treatment had a higher content of total polyphenols compared to the control moringa oil, however, no significant differences were found in the lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxixant capacity of the moringa oil determined by The ABTS assy.

Propuesta de parámetros de diseño de un reactor UASB para el tratamiento de aguas residuales porcinas

Se evaluó el comportamiento y eficiencia de un reactor UASB de 1 m3 alimentado con aguas residuales de la crianza intensiva de cerdos, y se buscaron valores para los parámetros tiempo de retención hidráulico (TRH) y velocidad de carga orgánica (VCO) que orienten el diseño de instalaciones industriales. Con este fin, el reactor se operó bajo diferentes TRH. La eficiencia del reactor UASB en la remoción de DQO total y de sólidos suspendidos totales (SST) estuvo condicionada por la VCO y TRH aplicados, así como por la concentración de SST en el influente. Aplicando un tiempo de residencia hidráulico de 4 días (VCO promedio de 1,6 kg.m-3.d-1), el reactor UASB alcanzó una eficiencia promedio de remoción de DQO total de 77,4 %. Trabajando con un TRH de 3 días a VCO promedio de 2,1 y 2,4 kg.m-3.d-1, la remoción promedio de DQO total presentó valores de 72,1 y 70,7%, respectivamente, y la remoción de SST alcanzó valores promedio de 52,0 y 60,2%. En base a los resultados obtenidos, se proponen como valores a considerar en el diseño de reactores UASB para el tratamiento de efluentes porcinos con características similares a las presentadas en este estudio, VCO de 2,3 kg.m-3.d-1 y TRH igual a 3 días, para garantizar la estabilidad del proceso.

The performance and efficiency of a UASB reactor of 1m3 was evaluated. It was fed with intensive pig farming wastewater, in order to obtain values of operating parameters, such as organic loading rate (OLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT), to guide the industrial facilities design. To achieve this, the UASB reactor was operated under different hydraulic retention times (HRT). The UASB reactor efficiency on removal of total chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) was conditioned by the applied OLR and HRT, as well as the SST concentration in the influent. Applying a TRH equal to 4 days on the UASB reactor (average OLR of 1,6 kg COD.m-3.d-1.), the average total COD removal efficiency was 77,4%, while working with an HRT of 3 days, average OLR of 2,1 and 2,4 kg COD.m-3.d-1.), the average total COD removal reached average values of 72,1% and 70,7%, respectively, and the average TSS removal reached average values of 52,0% and 60,2%. Based on the results obtained, values suggested to be considered in UASB reactors design for the treatment of swine effluents similar to those presented in this study are OLR of 2,3 kg.m-3.d-1 and HRT equal to 3 days, to ensure the stability of the process.

Tolerancia de papas nativas (Solanum spp.) a heladas en el contexto de cambio climático

Teniendo por objetivo identificar variedades de papas nativas que presenten tolerancia a heladas se realizó investigación en tres localidades de sierra central del Perú: Pahual y Paltarumi (Pariahuanca), Huancayo, y Huayllacancha (Yanacancha), Chupaca, Junín. La población conformada por 10 variedades fue instalada mediante diseño de bloques completamente randomizados. Se evaluaron caracteres morfológicos y severidad de helada. Los resultados muestran que las variedades que presentaron tolerancia a heladas en las tres localidades fueron Yana huancuy (Solanum chaucha), Chaulina (S. phureja), Huamantanga azul (S.chaucha), Camotillo y Peruanita (S. goniocalyx), las cuales presentaron dos capas de empalizadas del parénquima foliar, hojas muy gruesas con relieve áspero y tallo morado. En número de estomas sobresalieron Yana huancuy (Pahual), Chaulina (Paltarumi), Chaulina (Yanacancha) y Chaulina (Combinado) con 7,25; 7,29; 7,18 y 7,22 estomas por campo óptico, respectivamente. En porcentaje de severidad del daño por helada, las de menor daño fueron Chaulina (Pahual) y Camotillo (Paltarumi) con 14,81 y 14,57%, respectivamente. Se concluye que, las variedades tolerantes a heladas presentaron dos capas empalizadas del parénquima y mayor grosor con relieve áspero en hojas, mayor número de estomas y tallos con pigmentación morada; estos caracteres morfológicos considerar en la mejora genética de la papa.

With the objective of identifying varieties of native potatoes with tolerance to frost, research was carried out in three localities of the central highlands of Peru: Pahual and Paltarumi (Pariahuanca), Huancayo, and Huayllacancha (Yanacancha), Chupaca, Junín. The population consisting of 10 varieties was installed by completely randomized block design. Morphological characters and frost severity were evaluated. The results show that the varieties that showed tolerance to frost in the three localities were Yana huancuy (Solanum chaucha), Chaulina (S. phureja), Huamantanga blue (S.chaucha), Camotillo and Peruanita (S. goniocalyx), which presented two layers of palisades of leaf parenchyma, very thick leaves with rough relief and purple stem. In number of stomata, Yana huancuy (Pahual), Chaulina (Paltarumi), Chaulina (Yanacancha) and Chaulina (Combined) stood out with 7.25; 7.29; 7.18 and 7.22 stomata per optical field, respectively. In percentage of severity of the damage by frost, those of smaller damage were Chaulina (Pahual) and Camotillo (Paltarumi) with 14.81 and 14.57%, respectively. It is concluded that the frost tolerant varieties had two palisade layers of the parenchyma and greater thickness with rough relief in leaves, greater number of stomata and stems with purple pigmentation; these morphological characters consider in the genetic improvement of the potato.

Comportamiento de parámetros biométricos de clones para la obtención de papa baby con pulpa pigmentada

En el Perú las papas con pulpa pigmentada tienen un gran valor científico y biológico, son cultivadas y preservadas en áreas muy localizadas por pequeños agricultores. Se analizó el comportamiento de clones de papa con pulpa pigmentada en Llama, Cajamarca, con el objetivo de obtener variedades de alta producción de minitubérculos denominadas como "papa baby". Para ello se seleccionaron veinte clones provenientes de las hibridaciones entre cultivares nativos de Cajamarca con ecotipos nativos. Respecto al número de tubérculos por planta, los mejores clones fueron: BN4-C-1 de color de piel y pulpa crema, BN14-C-8 de piel y pulpa crema, BN3-A-4 de piel roja y pulpa amarilla y BN14-V-2 color de piel y pulpa violeta, con 90,73, 42,9, 36,87 y 31,14 tubérculos por planta. Además, estos clones presentaron el mayor número de tubérculos no comerciales por planta con 57,50, 13,87, 13,07 y 10,07, número de tallos por planta con 3,33, 3,43, 2,40 y 2,93, respectivamente. Siendo estos clones las que obtuvieron mayor número de minitubérculos para la comercialización y consumo humano como papa baby.

In Peru, potatoes with pigmented pulp have a great scientific and biological value, are cultivated and preserved in areas very localized by small farmers. The behavior of potato clones with pigmented pulp was analyzed in Llama, Cajamarca, in order to obtain high production varieties of minitubers called "baby potatoes". For this, twenty clones were selected from the hybridizations between native cultivars of Cajamarca with native ecotypes. Regarding the number of tubers per plant, the best clones were: BN4-C-1 skin color and cream pulp, BN14-C-8 skin and cream pulp, BN3-A-4 red skin and yellow flesh and BN14 -V-2 skin color and violet pulp, with 90.73, 42.9, 36.87 and 31.14 tubers per plant. In addition, these clones had the highest number of non-commercial tubers per plant with 57.50, 13.87, 13.07 and 10.07, number of stems per plant with 3.33, 3.43, 2.40 and 2.93, respectively. Being these clones those that obtained greater number of minitubers for the commercialization and human consumption like baby potato.

The effect of the ethanol extract from the Dracontium spruceanum rhizome on hematologic and biochemical profiles and performance parameters of broiler chickens

The objective of the research was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and effect of the ethanol extract from the Dracontium spruceanum rhizome (EERDs) on the blood, biochemical and productive parameters of chickens. To do so, ninety, male, Cobb 500 broiler chickens were used. Once the dehydrated extract was obtained, it was place in the drinking water at concentrations of 0.0, 0.35 and 0.70 mg/mL of EERDs. The birds were distributed into three treatments, five repetitions and each repetition had six chickens. The variance analysis was done with the statistical program InfoStat and the averages of the treatments were analyzed with the 5% Tukey test. The results showed that chickens that consumed drinking water with EERDs presented (p < 0.05) greater concentrations of hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocytes; meanwhile, the serum protein and the glucose did not change (p > 0.05). The daily food consumption diminished (p < 0.05) and the DWG and FRC were not influenced (p > 0.05) by the consumption of EERDs in the drinking water. It is concluded that the consumption of EERDs by broiler chickens from 1 to 35 days of age produces greater concentrations of the levels of red blood cells and diminishes the feed intake

Cruzamiento y flujo génico de los transgenes de las proteínas fluorescentes roja (RFP) y verde (GFP) en el pez cebra transgénico (Danio rerio) introducido al Perú

La introducción de peces Cebra (Danio rerio) fluorescente transgénicos en el Perú data desde mediados de la primera década del siglo XXI. A partir de ese momento, se han introducido OVM´s hidrobiológicos de diversos colores a territorio peruano, lográndose incluso su reproducción en cautiverio e hibridación o cruzamiento. En el presente estudio se realizó un análisis de la bioluminiscencia con luz UV y un análisis molecular que comprobó el flujo génico de los transgenes GFP y RFP de los parentales a la progenie F1 en condiciones confinadas

The introduction of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) fluorescent transgenic fish in Peru dates back to the midfirst decade of the twenty-first century. From that moment, hydrobiological LMO´s of various colors have been introduced into Peruvian territory, including their reproduction in captivity and hybridization or crossbreeding. In the present study we performed a bioluminescence analysis with UV light and a pertinent molecular analysis that verified the gene flow of the parental to F1 progeny in confined conditions

Detección del virus de la hoja amarilla de la caña de azúcar y virus mosaico de la caña de azúcar en sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) en el Estado de Morelos, México

El presente estudio se realizó en los meses de junio-julio del 2017, con el propósito de determinar la presencia de virus asociados al cultivo del sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Se muestrearon 21 localidades, distribuidas en 10 municipios de los 33 que forman el Estado de Morelos. Se utilizaron dos anticuerpos para detectar las enfermedades Virus de la hoja amarilla de la caña de azúcar (SCYLV) y Virus mosaico de la caña de azúcar (SCMV). Se analizaron muestras de follaje colectadas al azar en cinco puntos de cada campo o parcela. El diagnóstico se realizó mediante el test inmunoenzimático tipo DAS-ELISA (doble anticuerpo), con un set de reactivos AGDIA (2017), con conjugado de fosfatasa alcalina para (SCMV) y el segundo set de reactivos de NANO Diagnostic (2017) "AC Diagnostic" con conjugado fosfatasa alcalina para (SCYLV). Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron presencia de ambas enfermedades virales en el cultivo del sorgo para el estado de Morelos. Con muestras positivas al (SCYLV) y absorbancias altas (1,50 A° y 1,10 A°) en los municipios de Amacuzac y Tequesquitengo respectivamente. Mientras solo dos muestras positivas al (SCMV) fueron detectadas en las localidades de Puente de Ixtla y Yautepec, pero con valores bajos de absorbancia respecto a los controles positivos

The study was carried out in the months of June-July 2017, with the purpose of studying the current situation of the viruses associated with the cultivation of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Twenty-one commercial sorghum plantation in Morelos state, were analyzed to detected Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV) and Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). The diagnosis was made, by means DAS-ELISA (double antibody) an immunoenzymatic test, that used a AGDIA kit (2017) and a reagent set of NANO Diagnostic (2017) "AC Diagnostic" with conjugated alkaline phosphatase, to detection of SCMV and SCYLV respectively. The results obtained evidenced, the presence of both viral diseases in the sorghum cultivation, in ten municipalities of Morelos state whit predominance of SCYLV. Positives samples to this virus with high absorbance (1.50 A° and 1.10 A°) on the municipalities of Amacuzac and Tequesquitengo, respectively were observed. While, only two positive samples of SCMV, in Puente de Ixtla and Yautepec were detected, but with low absorbance values respect to positive controls

Práticas conservacionistas do solo e emissão de gases do efeito estufa no Brasil

No Brasil, mais de 84% das emissões de N2O e 74% de CH4 são resultantes da agropecuária, e aproximadamente 40% do CO2 emitido tem origem do uso e mudança do uso da terra e florestas. Têm-se percebido uma preocupação em diversas instituições de pesquisa abordando essa temática, aprimorando o conhecimento da dinâmica e principais fatores que governam a emissão dos principais gases do efeito estufa (GEE). Nesse sentido, tecnologias sustentáveis que sigam as premissas da agricultura conservacionista apresentam potencial de mitigação na emissão de GEE, à poder citar o sistema de plantio direto (SPD), uso de plantas de cobertura, adoção de sistemas integrados, entre outras práticas edáficas. Em relação ao SPD, a retenção de CO2 na matéria orgânica do solo justifica o balanço positivo em solos manejados sob esse sistema em comparação ao cultivo convencional. Normalmente solos não perturbados atuam como dreno de CH4, no entanto os sistemas de manejo SPD e convencional ainda carecem de mais estudos, a fim de averiguar seus efeitos na produção de N2O. A forma como o solo é manejado influencia diretamente na emissão de gases e balanço de carbono, logo práticas conservacionistas que visam a proteção do mesmo, são fundamentais para mitigação de GEE

In Brazil, more than 84% of N2O emissions and 74% of CH4 are produced by agriculture, and approximately 40% of the CO2 emitted originates from the use and change of land use and forest. It has been noticed a concern in several research institutions addressing this issue in order to improve the knowledge of the dynamics, as well as the main factors which drive the three main greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. In this sense, sustainable technologies that follow the conservation agriculture premises show potential to mitigate the GHG emissions, as the no-tillage system (NTS), the use of cover crops, the use of integrated systems and other edaphic practices. Regarding the NTS, the CO2 retention in soil organic matter justifies the positive balance in soils managed under this system compared to conventional tillage. Usually undisturbed soils act as sink of CH4, however, the management NTS and conventional tillage still need more studies in order to evaluate its effects in N2O production. How the soil is managed, strongly affects the gases emission and the carbon balance, showing that the adoption of soil conservation practices, aiming to soil protection, are essential to mitigate the GHG

Sensores tipo fruto electrónico: Aplicabilidad en procesos agroindustriales y metodología para su desarrollo

En este trabajo se presenta los resultados de una investigación del tipo documental sobre sensores "fruto electrónico" (sensores esféricos o seudofrutos) aplicados en la industria alimenticia. El propósito es mostrar los avances más importantes que se han logrado en esta área y con ello trascender el conocimiento acumulado tal que conduzca a nuevos conocimientos, innovaciones tecnológicas y en especial resaltar que su uso en líneas de proceso industriales ha permitido minimizar los daños en los frutos debido a golpes mecánicos y por lo tanto reducir las pérdidas de producción. Primero se analiza las causas, detección y cuantificación del moretón en el fruto debido a golpe mecánico. Segundo, se analiza el mapa de moretón como una herramienta que relaciona el grado del moretón con el golpe mecánico que lo genera. Tercero, se determina el nivel de aplicabilidad (NA) de un sensor tipo fruta electrónica como la sumatoria de los pesos asignados a indicadores de capacidad de trabajo del sensor en línea de proceso industrial. Finalmente, se presentan los resultados de NA de los sensores de tipo frutas electrónicas más relevantes en el mercado

In this work the results of a documentary research on "electronic fruits" -spherical sensors or pseudofruits- applied on food industry are presented. The goal is to show most relevant advances achieved on this field and with those to start up developing new ways of knowledge, technological innovations, and last but not least to highlight positive facts all over the processing lines of agroindustry, minimizing damages on fruits due to collisions, and therefore, reducing production losses. First an analysis of causes of bruises on fruits are carried out in order to detect and quantify bruise damage or related to. Second as a tool for relating the grade of bruises generated on fruits after impacts a bruise map is created and analyzed. Third the Applicability Level (NA in Spanish) of a fruit sensor is determined which is the summation of weight assigned to certain working capacity indexes of sensor onto agroindustry processing lines. Finally, NA index of -existing on market and academy environments- electronic fruit sensors are presented