Scientia Agropecuaria

Impacto del régimen pluvial en la composición química, digestibilidad y producción de metano de Echinochloa polystachya (Kunth) Hitch

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la composición química, digestibilidad y la producción de metano de Echinochloa polystachya (Kunth) Hitch en periodos con diferente precipitación pluvial en la región de la selva del Perú. La pastura fue manejada bajo un sistema de pastoreo rotativo. La calidad nutritiva y producción de metano in vitro durante ambos periodos experimentales se determinó a partir de muestras obtenidas por la técnica de zigzag y puntos de muestreo utilizando el método de muestreo destructivo sistemático. En el periodo de menor precipitación pluvial, el pasto Echinochloa polystachya tuvo un mayor contenido de fibra detergente neutro (FDN) (p < 0,001) y fibra detergente ácido (FDA) (p < 0,001). La materia orgánica (MO) fue mayor en el periodo de mayores precipitaciones (p < 0,001); sin embargo, el contenido de proteína cruda (PC) (p = 0,11), digestibilidad in vitro de MO (p = 0,89), producción neta de gas corregida (p = 0,83) y la producción in vitro de CH4 (p = 0,63) fueron similares para ambos periodos.

Abstract The aim in this study was to determine the chemical composition, digestibility, and methane production of Echinochloa polystachya (Kunth) Hitch in periods with different rainfall in the Peruvian rainforest region. The pasture was managed under a rotational grazing system. The nutritive quality and in vitro CH4 production of the pasture during both experimental periods was determined from a sample obtained by zigzag technique and sampling points using the method of destructive systematic sampling. Echinochloa polystachya in the period of lower than higher rainfall had a higher content of NDF (p < 0,001) and FDA (p < 0,001). While OM was higher in the period of greater rainfall (p <0,001). However, the PC content (p = 0,11), in vitro digestibility of MO (p = 0,89), corrected net gas production (p = 0,83) and in vitro CH4 output (p = 0,63) were similar for rainfall periods.

Efecto del proceso tecnológico sobre la capacidad antioxidante y compuestos fenólicos totales del lupino andino (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet)

Resumen Se evaluó el efecto de la grasa y del proceso de desamargado, extrusión y secado por aspersión sobre la capacidad antioxidante y compuestos fenólicos totales de tres genotipos de lupino andino (Altagracia, Andenes y Yunguyo). Las muestras de lupino fueron desengrasadas. Se determinó el contenido de fenoles totales (TPC) mediante Folin-Ciocalteu, capacidad antioxidante (DPPH y ABTS+) por espectrofotometría en un lector de micropozos. Los resultados mostraron que los procesos tecnológicos afectaron significativamente (p ≤ 0,05) a los compuestos fenólicos y su actividad antioxidante, disminuyéndolos en contenido. Las muestras de lupino amargo (muestra control) tuvieron más cantidad significativa (p ≤ 0,05) de TPC que las muestras procesadas, lo mismo ocurrió para la capacidad antioxidante. La capacidad antioxidante por DPPH de muestras procesadas varió entre 2,87 - 4,10 y 3,12 - 4,73 µmol Trolox/g b.s., en muestras sin desengrasar y desengrasadas, respectivamente. Así mismo, por ABTS+, fluctuó entre 50,65 - 75,56 y 61,63 - 76,88 µmol Trolox/g b.s. en muestras sin desengrasar y desengrasadas, respectivamente. El TPC estuvo entre 0,64 - 1,10 y 0,75 - 1,33 mg AGE/g b.s, para muestras sin desengrasar y desengrasadas, respectivamente. Por otro lado, los lípidos influyeron negativamente en la cuantificación de TPC; por esta razón, las muestras desengrasadas tuvieron más alto TPC.

Abstract The effect of grease and process of debittering, extrusion and spray drying on antioxidant capacity and total phenolic compounds of three Andean lupine genotypes (Altagracia, Andenes, and Yunguyo) was evaluated. Lupine samples were defatted. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu, antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS+) by spectrophotometry in a micro-well reader. Results showed that technological processes affected significantly (p≤0.05) antioxidants and phenolic compounds, decreasing them in content. Bitter lupine (control sample) had a more significant amount (p≤0.05) of TPC than processed samples, the same happened for antioxidant capacity. Antioxidant capacity by DPPH of processed samples varied between 2.87 - 4.10 and 3.12 - 4.73 µmol Trolox/g d.m., in non-defatted and defatted samples, respectively. Likewise, for ABTS+, it fluctuated between 50.65 - 75.56 and 61.63 - 76.88 µmol Trolox/g d.m. in non-defatted and defatted samples, respectively. TPC was between 0.64 - 1.10 and 0.75 - 1.33 mg AGE/g d.m., for non-defatted and defatted samples, respectively. On the other hand, lipids negatively influenced the quantification of TPC; for this reason, the defatted samples had higher TPC.

Análisis de cuatro sistemas silvopastoriles en Perú: Caracterización física y nutricional de pasturas, composición florística, reserva de carbono y CO₂

Resumen Se identificaron cuatro sistemas silvopastoriles (SSP) y un sistema sin árboles para medir variables como: materia fresca, materia seca y composición florística (época seca y lluviosa); composición nutricional; biomasa: arbórea, herbácea, hojarasca y carbono orgánico del suelo (dos profundidades), para determinar carbono total y CO2. El mayor crecimiento lo registraron las pasturas del SSP Aliso en ambas épocas y obtuvo el mayor rendimiento de materia seca (0,27 kg/m2). En época lluviosa, la mayor cantidad de gramíneas fue para el SSP con Ciprés (49%) y en malezas el SSP Pona (49%) y en época seca la mayor cantidad de gramíneas fue para el SSP Pino (52%) y en malezas el SPP Pona (53%); predominando Dactylis glomerata, Lolium multiflorum y Trifolium repens en ambas épocas. En composición nutricional y digestibilidad destacó el SSP Aliso (proteína cruda (16,06%), fibra detergente neutro (48,23%) y digestibilidad (66,14%)). La mayor retención de carbono y CO2 se registró en el SSP con Pona (179,49 t/ha y 658 t/ha) y el más bajo fue el Aliso (108,15 t/ha y 396,46 t/ha); en cuanto al SSA obtuvo una cantidad de C de 131,33 t/ha y de 481,44 t/ha de CO2, acumulando mayor carbono en la parte arbórea y suelo.

Abstract Four silvopastoral systems (SPS) and a system without tress were identified to measure variables such as: fresh matter, dry matter and floristic composition (dry and rainy season); nutritional composition; biomass: arboreal, herbaceous, litter and organic soil carbon (two depths), to determine total carbon and CO2. The greatest growth was recorded by the SPS Aliso pastures in both seasons and obtained the highest dry matter yield (0.27 kg / m2). In the rainy season, the greatest amount of grasses was for the SPS with Cypress (49%) and in weeds the SPS Pona (49%) and in the dry season the greatest amount of grasses was for the SPS Pino (52%) and in weeds SPS Pona (53%); predominantly Dactylis glomerata, Lolium multiflorum and Trifolium repens in both periods. In nutritional composition and digestibility, the SPS Aliso (crude protein (16.06%), neutral detergent fiber (48.23%) and digestibility (66.14%)) stood out. The highest carbon and CO2 retention was recorded in the SPS with Pona (179.49 t/ha and 658 t/ha) and the lowest was Alder (108.15 t/ha and 396.46 t/ha); As for the SWT, it obtained an amount of C of 131.33 t/ha and 481.44 t/ha of CO2, accumulating more carbon in the tree and soil.

Absorción de plomo y cadmio por girasol de un suelo contaminado, remediado con enmiendas orgánicas en forma de compost y vermicompost

Resumen Con la finalidad de reducir la contaminación por metales pesados en suelos agrícolas, decidimos evaluar el efecto de las enmiendas orgánicas (compost y vermicompost). Se realizó el trabajo utilizando girasol como fitorremediadora. Para ello se emplearon los suelos agrícolas de las localidades Mantaro y Muqui del valle del Mantaro. Los resultados indican que los suelos de la localidad de Muqui, contienen la mayor cantidad de Pb y Cd, presentando efectos negativos en la producción de biomasa. La planta de girasol absorbe los metales pesados como lo demuestra la mayor acumulación de plomo y cadmio en la raíz de ésta, no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la acumulación de plomo en tallos y flores, tallos y hojas, para cadmio en los tallos y hojas, confirmando que la aplicación de las enmiendas orgánicas contribuye a solubilizar el Pb y Cd del suelo, además de contribuir en un mayor desarrollo del cultivo. Los valores del Factor de Bioconcentración (FBC) de Cadmio (0,53 - 0,66) fueron mejores que el plomo (0,07 - 0,08), mientras que los valores del Factor de Translocación (FT) indicaron una capacidad del girasol como un fitoestabilizador, especialmente con el uso de vermicompost (Pb: 1,2 - Cd: 1,4) en el compost (Pb: 0,8 - Cd: 1,2).

Abstract In order to reduce heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils, we decided to assess the effect of organic amendments (compost and vermicompost). The work was carried out using sunflower as a fitorremediator. For this purpose, the agricultural soils of the Mantaro and Muqui localities of the Mantaro Valley were used. The results indicate that the soils of the locality of Muqui, contain the greatest amount of Pb and Cd, presenting negative effects on biomass production. The sunflower plant absorbs heavy metals as evidenced by the increased accumulation of lead and cadmium at the root of the sunflower, no significant differences were found between the accumulation of lead in stems and flowers, stems and leaves, for cadmium on the stems and leaves, confirming that the application of organic amendments contributes to solubilizing the Pb and Cd of the soil, in addition to contributing to further development of the crop. Cadmium Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) values (0.53 - 0.66) were better than lead (0.07 - 0.08), while Translocation Factor (FT) values indicated a sunflower capacity as a phytostabilizer, especially with the use of vermicompost (Pb: 1.2 - Cd: 1.4) in compost (Pb: 0.8 - Cd: 1.2)

Oregano essential oil supplementation improves productive performance, oxidative stability, and lipid parameters in turkeys

Abstract The present study evaluated the effect of supplementation with oregano essential oil (OEO) on the productive parameters, oxidative stability, and lipid parameters of turkey meat. Eighty 1-d-old male turkeys were randomly distributed into four treatments groups and fed the following diets for 105 d: control diet without any supplementation or supplementation with 300 mg/kg lincomycin and spectinomycin, 100 mg/kg OEO, or 200 mg/kg OEO. Supplementation with 200 mg/kg OEO obtained the best body weight, average daily gain, feed conversion, and the lowest feed intake with respect to the other diets (P < 0.001), while 100 mg/kg OEO had the best oxidative stability (P < 0.001). Though OEO had no hypocholesterolemic effect, 200 mg/kg OEO produced the lowest concentration of triglycerides in the blood (P < 0.05). In conclusion, OEO supplementation improves productive parameters and increases oxidative stability in turkeys. Therefore, OEO has the potential to act as a growth promoter replacing antibiotics.

Identificación de especies del género Meloidogyne en cucurbitáceas: Distribución y ocurrencia en Arequipa, Perú

Resumen Las cucurbitáceas contribuyen en la dieta de la población, así como en la economía de los agricultores; pero son afectadas por nematodos fitoparásitos como Meloidogyne spp. El conocimiento del “nemátodo del nudo de la raíz” es escaso y limitante para el planteamiento de estrategias adecuadas de manejo. El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar especies del género Meloidogyne en cucurbitáceas y determinar su distribución y ocurrencia en Arequipa, Perú. Se colectaron raíces de Cucurbita maxima, Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo y Cucurbita pepo, identificándolas mediante electroforesis para la enzima esterasa. Se determinó que Meloidogyne spp. está presente en 87,1% de las zonas evaluadas y se identificaron a M. incognita I1 (Rm: 1,00), M. incognita I2 (Rm: 1,02 - 1,07), M. incognita S2 (Rm: 0,87), M. arenaria A1 (Rm: 1,19), M. arenaria A2 (Rm: 1,19 - 1,25), M. hapla H2 (Rm: 0,95) y una especie atípica de Meloidogyne (Rm: 0,87) con ocurrencias de 17,14%, 42,86%, 2,86%, 17,14%, 2,86%, 11,43% y 5,71% respectivamente, de las especies identificadas.

Abstract Cucurbitaceae contribute to the diet of the population, as well as to the economy of farmers; but are harmed by phyto-parasites like to Meloidogyne spp. The know about the root-knot nematode is empty to put suitable strategies to management. The objectives of this research were identified species of Meloidogyne genera in cucurbitaceaes and determine their distribution and occurrence in Arequipa, Peru. Roots of Cucurbita maxima, Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo and Cucurbita pepo were collected, identifying them by electrophoresis for the enzyme esterase. Meloidogyne spp. is present in 87.1% from places that were evaluated and M. incognita I1 (Rm: 1.00), M. incognita I2 (Rm: 1.02 - 1.07), M. incognita S2 (Rm: 0.87), M. arenaria A1 (Rm: 1.19), M. arenaria A2 (Rm: 1.19 - 1.25), M. hapla H2 (Rm: 0.95) and one specie atypical of Meloidogyne (Rm: 0.87) were identified with occurrences of 17.14%, 42.86%, 2.86%, 17.14%, 2.86%, 11.43% y 5.71% respectively.

Compota de zapallo (Cucúrbita máxima Dutch.) para infantes, funcional, de bajo costo, sin conservantes y de considerable tiempo de vida útil: características reológicas, sensoriales, fisicoquímicas, nutritivas y microbiológicas

Resumen La investigación tuvo por objetivo elaborar una compota de zapallo para infantes, funcional, de bajo costo, sin conservantes y de considerable tiempo de vida útil. Fue evaluado el efecto de la incorporación de goma xantana (GX) a tres concentraciones (0,10%, 0,15% y 0,20%) sobre sus propiedades reológicas. Las características sensoriales fueron aplicadas a 60 panelistas (30 estudiantes nivel pregrado y 30 niños entre 2 a 3 años). Se determinaron sus características físicas, fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas. Con los valores de pH, se estimó la vida útil de la compota de zapallo a través del método de pruebas aceleradas a 20 °C, 30 °C y 40 °C y durante 0, 10, 20, y 30 días. Los resultados mostraron que la compota presentó un comportamiento no-newtoniano, pseudoplástico y ajustado al modelo de Ostwald de Waele (R2 > 0,98). La compota formulada con 0,15% de GX se concibe como el mejor tratamiento, con nivel de “Me gusta” para los atributos de color, olor, textura, sabor y apariencia general (3,80 a 4,13 puntos), asociado a la presencia de 82,45% de humedad, 5,40 de pH, 17 °Brix, y ausencia de mohos, levaduras y coliformes totales. La influencia de la temperatura en la viscosidad se modeló utilizando la ecuación de Arrhenius, mostrando una disminución en la viscosidad con el aumento de la temperatura. Finalmente, la vida útil estimada a 20 °C, 30 °C y 40 °C fueron de 125, 75 y 45 días, respectivamente.

Abstract The research aimed to develop a children's pumpkin compote, functional, inexpensive, preservative-free and of considerable shelf life. The effect of incorporating xanthan gum (XG) was evaluated at three concentrations (0.10%, 0.15% and 0.20%) on its rheological properties. Sensory characteristics were applied to 60 panelists (30 undergraduate students and 30 children between 2 and 3 years). Its physical, physicochemical, and microbiological characteristics were determined. With the pH values was estimated the shelf life of pumpkin compote using accelerated testing method. The product was stored at 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C for 0, 10, 20, and 30 days. The results show the pumpkin compote presented non-Newtonian behavior, pseudoplastic, and was adjusted to the Ostwald Waele model (R2 > 0.98). Compote formulated with 0.15% of XG was conceived as the best treatment, with a "Like" scale for color attributes, smell, texture, taste and general appearance (3.80 to 4.13 points) associated with the presence of 82.45% humidity, 5.40 pH, 17 °Brix, and absence of molds, yeasts and total coliforms. Influence of temperature on viscosity was modeled using Arrhenius equation, showing a decrease in viscosity with increasing temperature. Finally, the estimated shelf life at 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C were 125, 75, and 45 days, respectively.

Humedal Altoandino del Perú: Diversidad florística, productividad primaria neta aérea, condición ecológica y capacidad de carga

Resumen El conocimiento de la flora y la utilidad de los humedales andinos para la ganadería es muy escaso, lo que llevó al interés de evaluar la diversidad florística, la productividad primaria neta aérea (PPNA), la condición ecológica y capacidad de carga para alpacas (CCA), en tres humedales de la subcuenca Shullcas en el Perú. Se realizó lectura florística en 10 cuadrantes distribuidos en transecto radial en cada humedal y en momentos típicos de las estaciones de lluvia y de seca. Se realizaron cortes de fitomasa en periodos regulares de 30, 60, 90 y 120 días. Se encontraron 14 familias de plantas vasculares con 33 géneros y 41 especies, el índice de diversidad Shannon Wiener fluctuó entre 2,28 ± 0,15 y 2,40 ± 0,17, la PPNA presentó variación entre los meses evaluados en un rango de 27,39 ± 33,73 a 97,86 ± 47,52 g materia seca (MS)/m2, entre periodos de corte desde 132,12 ± 30,42 a 180,60 ± 32,89 g MS/m2 y entre humedales desde 116,71 ± 34,6 a 192,18 ± 22,50 g MS/m2, todas ellas en condición ecológica buena; la CCA varió entre 1,38 ± 0,36 y 1,80 ± 0,40 alpacas/ha. El resultado obtenido sugiere que los humedales deben ser valorados por periodos frecuentes en el año en reemplazo de una sola vez.

Abstract Knowledge of the flora and usefulness of Andean wetlands for livestock farming is very scarce, which led to interest in evaluating floral diversity, net aerial primary productivity (NAPP), ecological condition and carrying capacity for alpacas (CCA), in three wetlands of the Shullcas sub-basin in Peru. Floristic readings were taken in 10 quadrants distributed in a radial transect in each wetland and at typical times of the rainy and dry seasons. Phytomass cuts were made in regular periods of 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. Fourteen families of vascular plants with 33 genus and 41 species were found, the Shannon Wiener diversity index fluctuated between 2.28 ± 0.15 and 2.40 ± 0.17, the NAPP presented variation between the months evaluated in a range of 27.39 ± 33.73 to 97.86 ± 47.52 g dry material (DM)/m2, between cut-off periods from 132.12 ± 30.42 to 180.60 ± 32.89 g DM/m2 and between wetlands from 116.71 ± 34.6 to 192.18 ± 22.50 g DM/m2, all in good ecological condition; the CCA fluctuated between 1.38 ± 0.36 and 1.80 ± 0.40 alpacas/ha. The result obtained suggests that wetlands should be assessed for frequent periods in the year as a one-time replacement.

Rhizospheric actinomycetes from organic crops of native potato (Solanum tuberosum): isolation, phenotypic characterization, molecular identification, and impact on biocontrol of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary

Abstract Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the fourth most consumed food crop in the world, whose production in Peru is diminished due to phytosanitary problems and high costs of chemical fertilizers. In the present work, 32 actinomycetes isolated from the rhizosphere of organic native potato crops collected in the town of Cabana, Lucanas, Ayacucho, were characterized phenotypically and evaluated for their in vitro antagonistic capacity against Oomycete phytopathogen Phytophthora infestans. The characterization tests showed that 97% of the actinomycetes were able to assimilate glucose, sucrose, and mannitol; as well as producing extracellular enzymes like amylases (100%) and cellulases (50%). Furthermore, the growth in laboratory culture was better in the range of pH 5.5-8.5 and temperature 28-30 °C. From the tests of antagonism in oat agar (71.9%) and rye agar (31.2%), three strains were selected according to the native potato variety were selected as CAB10-J2 (Ccompis), CAB9-CA4 (Cuchipa-akan) and CAB5-F5 (Futis) with pathogen inhibition rates of 80.05, 77.47 and 37.5% respectively. The strains were identified by molecular tests as members of the genus Streptomyces and owners of polyketide synthase (PKS) genes. It is concluded that the rhizospheric actinomycetes of potato are producers of bioactive compounds capable of remarkably inhibiting the pathogen Phytophthora infestans, being able to be considered candidates in biological control programs of the "potato blight".

Influence of dietary condition on the ratio of the compounds emitted by larvae Chilecomadia valdiviana (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)

Abstract Chilecomadia valdiviana (Lepidoptera, Cossidae), locally known as "Gusano del Tebo", is a polyphagous pest that, in its larval stage, feeds on the wood of the host species. C. valdiviana is distributed in the southern region of Chile and Argentina and its larvae mainly attack eucalyptus and fruit trees. Previous research has reported the identification of the volatile compounds produced by this species in its larval stage. In this work, the effects of two dietary conditions on these volatile compounds were described: groups of individuals fed with wood vs. others without food. The results obtained provide empirical evidence that C. valdiviana modulates the emission of the compounds according to the effect of stimulus.

First report of Staphylococcus isolates identified by genomic analysis from rhizospheric soils of Capsicum annuum L. cv Piquillo

Abstract The genus Staphylococcus comprises many species which can be isolated from many sources and could display plant growth-promoting properties. Moreover, Capsicum species are important export crops in Peru, which have gained greater interest in recent years. Therefore, the objective of this research was to identify Staphylococcus isolates from rhizospheric soil samples of C. annuum cv. Piquillo in La Libertad, Peru. Bacterial isolates were identified by genomic analysis targeting the 16s rRNA gene. Bacteria were isolated from samples by serial dilutions and cultured in solid medium agar plates. Then, genomic DNA extraction from pure and morphologically distinct isolates, 16s rRNA gene amplification, sequencing and bioinformatic analysis were performed. We found four bacterial isolates from the genus Staphylococcus not previously reported in C. annuum rhizospheric soils: Isolate Ca2 and Ca5 which both match to Staphylococcus sp., isolate Ca6 to Staphylococcus arlettae and isolate Ca7 to Staphylococcus xylosus. Further studies to assess these isolates’ impact on crops as well as their potential applications in other fields of research such as antimicrobial development, food processing and pesticide biodegradation are recommended.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2): a national public health emergency and its impact on food security in Peru

Abstract On March 16, 2020, a policy of quarantine and social isolation initiated in Peru imposed by the declaration of National Public Health Emergency for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), which is affecting everyone. The research aimed to collect information that anticipates the impacts on the quantity and the need to distribute food for food security. From a global point of view, fiscal, monetary, and macro-financial policies corresponding to approximately 7% of the National GDP. These efforts will be insufficient if they are not complemented by adequate planning to supply the needs of Peru with at least 484,402.1 kilos of food per month, concerning agricultural products contained in the index basket and that need to be distributed in all regions of the country, such as rice, potatoes and at least 14 other products. In conclusion, measures in four aspects are urgent: technological, scientific, humanitarian, and planning, in addition to those implemented, to mitigate the impacts on food security, now and post-pandemic, it is suggested that the issue should be treated from a transdisciplinary perspective.

Fusarium mycotoxins in beer production: characteristics, toxicity, incidence, legislation and control strategies

RESUMO A cerveja é uma bebida alcoólica conhecida mundialmente devido a diversas razões sociais e econômicas e, portanto, o mercado cervejeiro está se expandindo cada vez mais. Com isso, aumentou-se a variedade de cervejas com características organolépticas variadas e diferentes composições através da utilização de adjuntos como trigo, arroz e milho, dentre outros. Entretanto, esses adjuntos são alvos de inúmeras micotoxinas. Dentre as micotoxinas produzidas pelo gênero Fusarium, destacam-se o desoxinivalenol, zearalenona e as fumonisinas, que proporcionam efeitos tóxicos para animais e humanos. Podem também ocasionar impacto significativo para a economia, uma vez que legislações são aplicadas para controle destas micotoxinas no produto final. Apesar dos limites para diversas micotoxinas serem estabelecidos para as matérias-primas envolvidas na produção de cerveja, até o momento, não existe legislação específica para os limites de micotoxinas em cerveja, sendo essencial a aplicação de medidas de controle para a presença das micotoxinas de Fusarium durante o processamento de cerveja.

ABSTRACT Beer is a worldwide known alcoholic beverage due to many social and economic reasons and therefore the brewing market is expanding. Because of this, the variety of beers with varied organoleptic characteristics and different compositions was increased through the use of different adjuncts like wheat, rice, corn, among others. However, these adjuncts are targets for numerous Fusarium mycotoxins - mainly deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins, these may cause toxic effects to animals and humans. These toxins are also implicated in economic losses, due to worldwide regulations applied for unprocessed and processed food products. Currently, the limits for several mycotoxins have been established for the raw materials involved in brewing, however, there is no specific regulation for mycotoxin contamination in beer; therefore it is essential to apply control measures for the presence of Fusarium mycotoxins during the beer processing.

Inactivation of Coronaviruses in food industry: The use of inorganic and organic disinfectants, ozone, and UV radiation

Abstract Currently there is a worldwide pandemic due to Covid-19, which has caused a great impact on humanity in social, economic, psychological aspects and unfortunately on health. Due to the risk that food can also be a medium to cause virus diseases, the procedures in the food industry safety programs must be revised; and, to be more specific, to disinfect Covid-19. Some effective disinfectants that have been proved to inactivate the coronavirus are: chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite, quaternary compound, ozone and UV-C (shortwave ultraviolet light). In this review, some treatments used to inactivate a virus, with an emphasis to the coronavirus family, and other influenza viruses, are reported. It has been concluded that the coronavirus could be inactivated using free chlorine solutions at 30 mg/L, sodium hypochlorite 0.25 %, or Chlorine Dioxide (99% purity) diluted at 1/2.5 relation. Also, alcohol is an effective disinfectant at concentrations of 62 to 71% of ethanol. With respect to the use of the quaternary compound, it can be used at concentrations of 0.10%. Ozone is another promising disinfectant to inactivate the coronavirus and Covid-19. Doses of ozone between 10 to 20 ppm for 10 to 15 minutes are recommended to inactivate the coronavirus with 3.5 log10 reductions. However, a warning should be reported to the use of high doses of exposure because it can be a risk to human health. UV-C can inactivate the coronavirus at a value of 67 J/m2 by 1 to 30 minutes of exposure.

El SARS-CoV-2 y otros virus emergentes y su relación con la inocuidad en la cadena alimentaria

Resumen Las pandemias de la influenza se relacionan al flujo viral de las aves silvestres y migratorias, pasando a los cerdos y aves de corral (huéspedes intermediarios), que terminaría contagiando al humano. La gestión de procesos mediante Buenas Prácticas Pecuarias (BPP) y Bienestar Animal deberían ser medidas importantes de prevención para evitar este contagio. En los coronavirus y el ébola existen huéspedes ancestrales (como los murciélagos) y huéspedes intermediarios (como la Civettictis civetta o la Paradoxurus hermaphroditus en el caso del SARS-CoV-1, los dromedarios en el caso de MERS-CoV, y serpientes y Manis javanica en el caso del SARS-CoV-2). En su estado natural el salto inter-especie tomaría mucho más tiempo en ocurrir; sin embargo, la existencia de mercados húmedos, donde los animales se comercializan, habría permitido que los virus encuentren en el ser humano un nuevo anfitrión. Además de la neumonía, la invasión del SARS-CoV-2 produce molestias temporales, como la diarrea, debido a la abundancia del receptor ACE-2 tanto en las células pulmonares como en los enterocitos, donde su replicación incrementaría la probabilidad de contagio por la vía fecal-oral. Este riesgo podría minimizarse mejorando los procedimientos de Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura (BPM) en la industria alimentaria. Investigaciones futuras deberían aclarar la relación entre los virus y sus anfitriones, así como el efecto del cambio climático y la carencia de proteínas en el consumo humano, sobre estas pandemias.

Abstract Influenza pandemics are related to the viral flow of wild and migratory birds, passing to pigs and poultry (intermediate hosts), which would end up infecting humans. Process management through Good Livestock Practices (GLP) and Animal Welfare should be important preventive measures to avoid this contagion. In coronaviruses and Ebola there are ancestral hosts (such as bats) and intermediate hosts (such as Civettictis civetta or Paradoxurus hermaphroditus in the case of SARS-CoV-1, dromedaries in the case of MERS-CoV, and snakes and Manis javanica in the case of SARS-CoV-2). In its natural state the inter-specie jump would take much longer to occur; however, the existence of humid markets, where animals are traded, would have allowed viruses to find a new host in humans. In addition to pneumonia, the invasion of SARS-CoV-2 produces temporary discomfort, such as diarrhea, due to the abundance of the ACE-2 receptor in both lung cells and enterocytes, where its replication would increase the probability of transmission by the fecal-oral route. This risk could be minimized by improving Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) procedures in the food industry. Future research should clarify the relationship between viruses and their hosts, as well as the effect of climate change and protein deficiency on human consumption, on these pandemics.

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Fe de Errata: Concentraciones de plomo (Pb) en cultivos de lechuga (Lactuca sativa) en Azuay, Ecuador