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Revista Peruana de Biología

versión On-line ISSN 1727-9933

Rev. peru biol. vol.30 no.1 Lima ene./mar. 2023  Epub 14-Mar-2023

http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v30i1.23857 

Notas Científicas

Bicolored Hawk, Accipiter bicolor in Guayaquil city (Western Ecuador): new preys-species records and citizen science urban records

Gavilán bicolor, Accipiter bicolor en la ciudad de Guayaquil (Occidente de Ecuador): nuevos registros de especies-presa y registros urbanos de ciencia ciudadana

Jaime A. Salas*  1  2  3 
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3468-5178

Daniel Arias-Cruzatty4 
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9973-3436

Miguel Aguilar-Gómez5 
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9977-0029

Carolina Bravo-Mejía4 
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5996-6227

Ronny Matamoros6 
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1183-1611

1 Universidad de Guayaquil, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Carrera de Biología, Campus Mapasingue, Av Juan Tanca Marengo sin num y Av Raúl Gómez Lince. Guayaquil, Ecuador.

2 Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador.

3 Fundación Desarrollo y Biodiversidad, FUNDEBIO, Guayaquil, Ecuador.

4 UrbanOrnis, Programa de Aves Urbanas, Quito, Ecuador. urbanornis@gmail.com, carolina-bravo1989@hotmail.com

5 Nabci-México, CONABIO, Iniciativa de América del Norte para la conservación de las aves, Comisión Nacional para el uso y conocimiento de la Biodiversidad, Ciudad de México, México. mikespizaetus@gmail.com

6 Guía de Turismo. Guayaquil, Ecuador. roniceronte.ecuador@gmail.com

Abstract

Accipiter bicolor is a widely distributed Neotropical raptor but knowledge about its ecology is poor, particularly in urban areas. In this work, we document the presence of A. bicolor in the city of Guayaquil and in nearby forested areas, in addition, we provide new records on its diet and discuss possible foraging strategies in synanthropic environments. Also, reports of this species are considered on citizen science platforms. Accipiter bicolor was observed consuming an individual of Columbina bluckeyi and another of Artibeus fraterculus; near a colony of this species of bat. Finally, we found 59 records of A. bicolor between 2007 and 2022 for Guayaquil and its surrounding areas, 14 records were in urban habitats. Observations in different urban and peri-urban habitats are discussed, as well as their feeding habits.

Keywords: Citizen science; eBird; iNaturalist; raptor prey; urban areas

Palabras clave: Áreas urbanas; ciencia ciudadana; eBird; iNaturalist; presas

Resumen

Accipiter bicolor es una rapaz Neotropical ampliamente distribuida pero el conocimiento sobre su ecología es escaso en particular en zonas urbanas. En este trabajo, documentamos la presencia de A. bicolor en la ciudad de Guayaquil y en áreas boscosas cercanas, además, proveemos nuevos registros sobre su dieta y discutimos posibles estrategias de forrajeo en ambientes sinantrópicas. También, se consideran reportes de esta especie en plataformas de ciencia ciudadana. Accipiter bicolor fue observada consumiendo un individuo de Columbina bluckeyi y otro de Artibeus fraterculus; cerca de una colonia de esta especie de murciélago. Finalmente, se encontraron 59 registros de A. bicolor entre el 2007 y 2022 para Guayaquil y sus áreas circundantes, 14 registros fueron en hábitat urbanos. Se discute las observaciones en diferentes hábitats urbanos y periurbanos, así como sus hábitos de alimenticios.

Keywords: Citizen science; eBird; iNaturalist; raptor prey; urban areas

Palabras clave: Áreas urbanas; ciencia ciudadana; eBird; iNaturalist; presas

Introduction

The Bicolored Hawk Accipiter bicolor (Vieillot, 1817) is a neotropical resident raptor present in humid and deciduous forests, in lowlands and subtropics, from sea level to 2000 meters of altitude, and his geographical distribution encompasses from central Mexico to southern Chile and Argentina (Bierregaard et al. 2020). The habitat preference of A. bicolor is both moist and deciduous forests, even though is rare observe it (Ridgely & Greenfield 2019); it has been observed since the forest understory, approximately 5 m, till to the canopy, above 15 m (Parker & Carr 1992). Accipiter bicolor hunt by active aerial pursuit or ambush (Bierregaard et al. 2020; Thorstrom 2012), and has been considered a stealthy and discreet hunter, but also bold or daring (Ridgely & Greenfield 2019).

The diet of A. bicolor mainly includes birds (Barrio et al. 2015, Edgardo-Arévalo & Fernández-Otárola 2014, Mader, 1981; Stiles et al. 1989; Thorstrom & Quixchán 2000); also lizards and small mammals, although the identification of these prey is uncertain. In the literature, the mammal prey of A. bicolor includes one species of squirrel (Sciurus sp.), 3 species of rodents, and 4 species of bats, but the reports don’t provide a taxonomic identification at the species level (Robinson 1994, Thorstrom 2012). Another example can be checked in a report about the hunting behavior of A. bicolor on bats in the surroundings of the 'Volcán de los Murciélagos' cave in Mexico, but don’t provide an identification of these prey either (Mikula et al. 2016). Accipiter bicolor is widely distributed in the Neotropics but knowledge about its ecology is scarce (Ridgely & Greenfield 2019).

Recently, various platforms of citizen science approach such as iNaturalist and eBird report observations of wildlife in urban areas, these reports constitute an exceptional opportunity to filling a gap in knowledge on several ecological aspect as the diet, life history, behavior. In this work, we document the presence of Accipiter bicolor in urban areas of Guayaquil city and forest remnants near, also provide new records about his diet, and discuss possible foraging strategies in synanthropic environments.

Material and methods

Study area. Guayaquil is the capital city of Guayas province, in Ecuador, and is located at the beginning of the Guayas River. It presents different streams belonging to the inner estuary of the Gulf of Guayaquil, and has a tropical climate, with an average annual rainfall that ranges between 750 and 1000 mm, with an average annual temperature between 24.5 and 26 °C (GAD Municipal Guayaquil 2014). The elevations vary between 50 to 400 meters above sea level and have native forest remnants that correspond to mangroves and tropical dry forests, also known as lowland deciduous forest of the equatorial Pacific (Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador 2013).

Field observations. Two birdwatching counts were developing: a survey in January 2018, and a casual observation in February 2021. In the first field observation, DAC and Jorge Luis Vélez Del Hierro carried out a bird count from 6:00 to 9:00 am in an urban area near to streams and mangroves, using Eagle Optics Ranger 8x42 binoculars, and with a Canon PowerShot SX40 HS camera. The hawk was identified as A. bicolor for present gray plumage and the rufous color on his thighs, as well as for the tail length and presence of bars on it (Bierregaard et al. 2020, McMullan & Navarrete 2017). The prey was identified following bird field guides (McMullan & Navarrete 2017, Ridgely & Greenfield 2006).

The second observation was opportunistic, where MA, DAC, CB, and RM noticed, observed, and photographed an immature individual of Accipiter bicolor while eat a bat in a street in an urban area. The hawk was identified by the diffuse brown hue of its plumage, as well as by the characteristics described above (Bierregaard et al. 2020, McMullan & Navarrete 2017); the bat was identified by external morphological characteristics from photographs (Tirira 2017, Salas et al. 2018). For validate taxonomic identification of bat and complement information about the possible hunting strategy of the hawk, JAS searched for bat refuges in this urban sector.

Records from citizen science. Finally, we search observations of Accipiter bicolor in the city of Guayaquil and its surroundings up to about 15 km, that includes forest remnants and natural reserves, from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF 2022), and was validate with a review of records from citizen science biodiversity information platforms (eBird 2021, iNaturalist 2022). With these records, we generate a map of occurrences of the species in the software QGIS 3.16 Hannover (QGIS 2022). All records used were research-grade data quality assessment which means that every observation has a specific date of the event, location, photos, ID supported by two or more birdwatchers.

Results

Prey species registered. The first observation was made on January 13, 2018, at the Malecón Universitario del Estero Salado in Guayaquil (2°8’S, 79°55’W), and an adult individual of Accipiter bicolor was observed while ate an Ecuadorian Ground Dove Columbina bluckeyi (Sclater & Salvin 1877) (Columbiformes: Columbidae), on a tree of saman (Samanea saman: Fabaceae). This prey was plucked and dismembered, on the branch of a saman tree, for later consumption. Supplementary material for this observation can be found at the following link (https://ebird.org/checklist/S41866794).

In the second observation, another individual of A. bicolor was observed on the ground, while ate a bat, with pedestrians and vehicular traffic in the urban center of the city of Guayaquil (2°11.098'S, 79°52.699'W), at the Loja street, near to Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Campus Las Peñas. This hawk shows an elusive behavior: he moved the prey a few meters ahead, doing small jumps, staying alert, while the pedestrians observed it; this behavior lasted thirty minutes (Fig. 1a). Additional photographic and video materials are available on the eBird portal (https://ebird.org/checklist/S80558783), and the link: https://zenodo.org/record/7530296#.Y8BRI3ZBzZY. The prey was identified as Fraternal Fruit-eating Bat Artibeus fraterculus Anthony, 1924 (Phyllostomidae: Stenodermatinae), based on the external characteristics observed such as brownish coloration and intensity of the facial lines, which make distinguish from congeners such as A. lituratus or A. aequatorialis.

Later, on July 12, 2021, between 8:00 and 10:00 am, JAS found a colony of Artibeus fraterculus roosting in a disuse old jail (2°11'0.75"S; 79°52'45.74"W; Figure 1b), located approximately 160 meters from the site of the second observation. This structure dates from 1907 and is currently listed as a heritage site (M. I. Municipalidad de Guayaquil 2014). The old prison has a yard with three trees of Ficus obtusifolia (Moraceae) (Fig. 1c); inside, on the ground floor, there were 6 cells within small groups of 3 to 11 individuals of A. fraterculus, with a total of approximately 50 individuals (Fig. 1 d, e).

Accipiter bicolor records in Guayaquil. Finally, we obtained 59 records of Accipiter bicolor from Guayaquil and surrounding areas (Table 1), between the years 2007 and 2022, which include 5 reserves: Isla Santay Recreation National Area, La Prosperina Protected Forest, Manglares El Salado Fauna Production Reserve, Cerro Blanco Protected Forest, and Parque Lago Recreation National Area. The resulting map shows two peri-urban reserves with the most observationrecords: Cerro Blanco (n=26), La Prosperina (n=10), and three reserves with scarce records as Isla Santay (n=7), Parque Lago (1), El Salado (1); in addition, there were 14 records of this species inside urban areas, in highly altered habitats (Fig. 2).

Figure 1 A) Immature individual of Bicolor Hawk (Accipiter bicolor) eating a Fraternal fruit-eating bat (Artibeus fraterculus) in the center zone of Guayaquil, Ecuador; B) y C) Doorway and inner yard of the old jail; D) y E) Individuals of A. fraterculus inside the cells. Photos by MA (A) and JAS (B, C, D, E). 

Figure 2 Map of records of Bicolored Hawk Accipiter bicolor in Guayaquil and surrounding areas from 2007 to 2022. The records were taken, filtered, and validated from Ebird, iNaturalist, and GBIF. Arabic numbers indicate the reserve's names: 1) Cerro Blanco Protected Forest, 2) La Prosperina Protected Forest, 3) Isla Santay Recreation National Area, 4) Manglares El Salado Fauna Production Reserve, 5) Parque Lago Recreation National Area. Capital letters indicate the localities described in the field phase. A) Malecón Universitario del Estero Salado, B) Loja street, in the center zone of Guayaquil. 

Table 1 List of records of Bicolored Hawk Accipiter bicolor in Guayaquil and surroundings areas, from 2007 to 2022. The asterisk (*) indicates details of records: * Plaza Rodolfo Baquerizo Moreno, Malecón Universitario, Puente Zig-Zag, Parque Lineal, Puente El Velero; ** Escuela Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), lake and surrounding; the plus sign (+) indicates that there is not information about individual count in the record. 

Locality Individual count Latitude Longitude Event date (d/m/y) Habitat type Bird-watcher name Source
1 Cerro Blanco (Caseta Jaguar) 1 -2.137338 -80.088197 25/8/2022 Forest Ruben Pineida Escorza Ebird
2 Isla Santay 1 -2.221130 -79.854900 23/7/2022 Forest Javier López Ebird
3 Malecón del Salado and surroundings* 1 -2.186 -79.897 17/4/2022 Urban, Highly intervened Nancy Hilgert / George Varela Ebird
4 Malecón del Salado and surroundings* 1 -2.186 -79.897 14/4/2022 Urban, Highly intervened Nancy Hilgert / George Varela Ebird
5 Malecón del Salado and surroundings* 1 -2.186 -79.897 8/2/2022 Urban, Highly intervened George Varela Olivares Ebird
6 Malecón del Salado and surroundings* 1 -2.185991 -79.898415 26/12/2021 Urban, Highly intervened Guillaume Normand, Romina Normand Ebird
7 Cerro Blanco 1 -2.181181 -80.021065 12/12/2021 Forest Unavailable GBIF
8 La Prosperina ** 1 -2.146625 -79.96141 11/12/2021 Forest Jorge Abad Lozano, Carla Arias Vélez Ebird
9 La Prosperina 1 -2.155901 -79.975746 11/12/2021 Forest Roger Valencia Monroy Ebird
10 Isla Santay 1 -2.221130 -79.854900 8/12/2021 Forest Daniel López Condoy Ebird
11 Cerro Blanco 1 -2.181181 -80.021065 26/11/2021 Forest Benjamin Navas Hojas iNaturalist
12 Cerro Blanco 1 -2.181181 -80.021065 4/11/2021 Forest Unavailable GBIF
13 Cerro Blanco 1 -2.181181 -80.021065 2/11/2021 Forest Unavailable GBIF
14 Cerro Blanco + -2.181181 -80.021065 21/10/2021 Forest Unavailable GBIF
15 Cerro Blanco 1 -2.181181 -80.021065 29/9/2021 Forest Benjamin Navas Hojas GBIF/ iNaturalist
16 Malecón De La Plaza "Cristo Del Consuelo" 1 -2.224033 -79.91508 31/7/2021 Urban, Highly intervened Wilson Flores Ebird
17 La Prosperina 1 -2.155901 -79.975746 18/7/2021 Forest Roger Valencia Monroy Ebird
18 Poliducto 3 Bocas - Pascuales 1 -2.15598 -79.97246 18/7/2021 Urban, Highly intervened Roger Valencia Monroy Ebird
19 La Prosperina ** 1 -2.146625 -79.96141 12/6/2021 Forest George Heimpel Ebird
20 Cerro Blanco 1 -2.181181 -80.021065 27/5/2021 Forest Unavailable GBIF
21 La Prosperina 1 -2.155901 -79.975746 12/5/2021 Forest Roger Valencia Monroy Ebird
22 Poliducto 3 Bocas - Pascuales 1 -2.15598 -79.97246 19/4/2021 Urban, Highly intervened Roger Valencia Monroy Ebird
23 Cerro Blanco 1 -2.181181 -80.021065 18/4/2021 Unavailable GBIF
24 Calle Loja, Guayaquil 1 -2184694 -7987821 6/2/2021 Urban, Highly intervened Ronny Matamoros, Olga Bravo, Daniel Arias-Cruzatti, Miguel Aguilar Ebird
25 Poliducto 3 Bocas - Pascuales 1 -2.15598 -79.97246 19/1/2021 Intervened Roger Valencia Monroy Ebird
26 Cerro Blanco 2 -2.181181 -80.021065 19/12/2020 Forest Unavailable GBIF
27 Cerro Blanco 1 -2.186504 -80.017525 26/11/2020 Forest Jay Parker Ebird
28 Cerro Blanco 1 -2.181181 -80.021065 17/10/2020 Forest Daniel López Ebird
29 Cerro Blanco 1 -2.181181 -80.021065 17/10/2020 Forest Roger Valencia Monroy GBIF/ iNaturalist
30 Av. 25 de Julio, Guayaquil 1 -2.225363 -79.898537 16/8/2020 Urban, Highly intervened Carlos Saldaña Carrillo iNaturalist
31 Cerro Blanco 1 -2.181181 -80.021065 12/6/2020 Forest Roger Valencia Monroy iNaturalist
32 La Prosperina 1 -2.155901 -79.975746 8/11/2019 Forest Gustavo Maenz Ebird
33 La Prosperina (Cueva de los Monos) 1 -2150596 -7997801 2/11/2019 Forest Roger Valencia Monroy Ebird
34 Cerro Blanco 1 -2.181181 -80.021065 22/10/2019 Forest Unavailable GBIF
35 Reserva Producción Fauna Manglares El Salado (Estero Puerto Hondo) 1 -2194569 -80017395 6/9/2019 Forest Gustavo Maenz Ebird
36 La Prosperina 1 -2.155901 -79.975746 19/8/2019 Forest Roger Valencia Monroy GBIF/ iNaturalist
37 La Prosperina 1 -2.155901 -79.975746 25/7/2019 Forest Roger Valencia Monroy iNaturalist
38 Las Esclusas, Guayaquil 1 -2.264118 -79.86895 19/7/2019 Urban, Highly intervened Gustavo Maenz Ebird
39 Cerro Blanco 1 -2.181181 -80.021065 4/7/2019 Forest Unavailable GBIF
40 La Prosperina 1 -2.155901 -79.975746 21/6/2019 Forest Roger Valencia Monroy Ebird
41 Cerro Blanco 2 -2.181181 -80.021065 4/5/2019 Urban, Highly intervened Unavailable GBIF
42 Puente 5 de Junio, Guayaquil 1 -2.186319 -79.898535 13/12/2018 Forest César Vega Tumbaco iNaturalist
43 Cerro Blanco 1 -2.181181 -80.021065 26/8/2018 Forest Unavailable GBIF
44 Cerro Blanco 1 -2.181181 -80.021065 23/8/2018 Forest Unavailable GBIF
45 Malecón del Salado and surroundings * 1 -2.185991 -79.898415 14/1/2018 Urban, Highly intervened Daniel Martínez Ebird
46 Malecón del Salado and surroundings* 1 -2.185991 -79.898415 13/1/2018 Urban, Highly intervened Daniel Arias Cruzatti, Jorge Luis del Hierro Ebird
47 Isla Santay 1 -2.19917162 -79.8585248 28/12/2017 Forest Michael Bakker Paiva iNaturalist
48 Isla Santay 1 -2.221130 -79.854900 10/10/2017 Forest Daniel López Condoy Ebird
49 Cerro Blanco 1 -2.181181 -80.021065 26/9/2017 Forest Unavailable GBIF
50 Isla Santay 1 -2.221130 -79.854900 13/6/2017 Forest Daniel López Condoy Ebird
51 Cerro Blanco + -2.181181 -80.021065 24/4/2016 Forest Unavailable GBIF
52 Cerro Blanco 1 -2.181181 -80.021065 9/4/2016 Forest Roger Valencia Monroy Ebird
53 Parque Lago + -2.233372 -80.12764 31/3/2016 Forest Javier López Ebird
54 Isla Santay 1 -2.221130 -79.854900 22/10/2015 Forest Eduardo Zavala B. Ebird
55 Isla Santay 2 -2.221130 -79.854900 19/9/2014 Forest Eduardo Zavala B. Ebird
56 Cerro Blanco 1 -2.181181 -80.021065 20/11/2010 Forest Unavailable GBIF
57 Cerro Blanco 2 -2.181181 -80.021065 25/11/2009 Forest Michael Bakker Paiva iNaturalist
58 Cerro Blanco + -2.183449 -80.01629 9/11/2009 Forest Carlos Saldaña Carrillo / Francisco Enríquez iNaturalist
59 Cerro Blanco 2 -2.181181 -80.021065 1/8/2007 Forest César Vega Tumbaco iNaturalist / Ebird

Discussion

Herein we report two new prey for Accipiter bicolor from Western Ecuador, being remarkable because they came from a densely populated and highly altered coastal urban area, which had not been previously reported (Bierregaard et al. 2020, Ridgely & Greenfield 2019); the presence of A. bicolor in urban environments may be due to the availability of shelter and food (Bernat-Ponce et al. 2022). The record of Columbina buckleyi as part of A. bicolor's diet is consistent with other prey reported before as doves or similar size birds (Stiles et al. 1989); the Columbina doves are abundant and easily observable in the urban area and parks of Guayaquil (Rojas-Allieri & Man-Ging 2014). Nevertheless, the capture of a bat during the day in urban areas raises some questions, due to the capture strategy used and the availability of food resources.

Accipiter bicolor is a stalker-type opportunistic predator (Bierregaard et al. 2020), it is probable that the juvenile of A. bicolor extracted the bat from the old jail, using the trees to perch, and then entered the cells to hunt since it can maneuver in small spaces (Bierregaard et al. 2020). Urban bats can be an easily accessible food resource for predators, such as falcons or accipritids, which have been reported near these urban roosts (Mikula et al. 2016). The presence of Artibeus fraterculus has been reported in Guayaquil previously (Salas et al. 2018), and it is a species that adapts easily to using human structures as shelters (Pinto et al. 2013), so it is a food resource easily accessible by predators. Previously, only the barn owl Tyto alba had been reported as a predator of A. fraterculus (Moreno 2010, Thomas & Thomas 1977); other authors had suggested that owls such as Pulsatrix perspicillata, Glaucidium peruvianum, Megascops roburatus, Strix nigrolineata, S. virgata, or the bat-hunter falcon Falco rufigularis may be potential predators, based on observations of predation on other species of Artibeus (Salas et al. 2018).

Accipiter bicolor has been recorded in various localities around Guayaquil, mostly in forested areas, but there were no records in highly disrupted areas before. The oldest georeferenced records of this species near Guayaquil date from 1991, in Cerro Blanco reserve (Berg 1994, Parker & Carr 1992). Later, Mischler (2012) present an update of birds in this same reserve, and report it as rare, and as breeding in the wet season; currently this reserve has most of the sightings of this species. The second most locality near Guayaquil of A. bicolor was in La Prosperina Protected Forest but was not previously registered on this reserve (Pozo-Cajas et al. 2017). Otherwise, the presence of Accipiter bicolor in disrupted areas would suggest that this species is adaptable to synanthropic environments, presumably for the available food and less competition with another hawk, especially for young individuals (Tapia & Zuberogoitia 2018); however, it is necessary to complement the ecology knowledge of this species with studies of habitat use, as well as the degree of dependence of this species on natural habitats (Rullman & Marzluff 2014).

Diet reports in raptors are very scarce in Ecuador, only a few reports are known from pellets of nocturnal raptors as owls (Brito et al. 2015, Freile et al. 2012, Moreno 2010). The urban areas of the city of Guayaquil, and its surrounding natural areas provide an important logistical facility to develop these observations, so it is advisable to continue monitoring or participating in citizen science approach to complement and add more information on the ecology and diet of raptors.

Agradecimientos / Acknowledgments:

DAC thanks Jorge Luis Vélez Del Hierro for his assistance during the bird count at Malecón Universitario. JAS thanks Erika Sandoval for her coordination with Universidad de Las Artes and Ministerio de Salud Pública to access to old prision of Guayaquil.

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Fuentes de financiamiento / Funding: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Aspectos éticos / legales; Ethics / legals: Authors declare that they did not violate or omit ethical or legal norms in this research.

Citación: Salas JA, Arias-Cruzatty D, Aguilar-Gómez M, Bravo C, Matamoros R. 2023. Bicolored Hawk, Accipiter bicolor in Guayaquil city (Western Ecuador): new preys-species records and citizen science urban records. Revista peruana de biología 30(1): e23857 - 000 (Marzo 2023). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v30i1.23857

Editor: Leonardo Romero

Recibido: 31 de Octubre de 2022; Aprobado: 09 de Enero de 2023

*Corresponding autor jaime.salasz@ug.edu.ec

Conflicto de intereses / Competing interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Rol de los autores / Authors Roles: JAS: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing - original draft, writing, Writing - review & editing. DA-C: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing - original draft, writing, Writing - review & editing. MA-G: Conceptualization, Investigation. CB: Conceptualization, Investigation. RM: Conceptualization, Investigation.

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