Resumen

HUERTA-SAENZ, Igor Hermann. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: prenatal sonographic markers and perinatal prognosis. Rev Per Ginecol obstet. [online]. 2013, vol.59, n.2, pp.125-132. ISSN 2304-5132.

Background: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a congenital malformation that affects 1 in 2 200 newborns. It is associated to high morbidity and mortality mainly due to lung hypoplasia and hypertension. In the last decade perinatal medicine has emphasized research on prenatal markers to determine severity of lung hypoplasia, especially lung-head relation (LHR). Objectives: To determine LHR and presence of the liver in the thoracic hernia sac as predictors of adverse perinatal results in fetuses with isolated diaphragmatic hernia. Design: Retrospective, observational, analytical correlational study. setting: Fetal Surveillance Unit, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Peru. Participants: Pregnant women and their fetuses. Interventions: All patients with fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia diagnosis were studied between January 2005 and December 2011, and ultrasound measurement of lung-head index was performed. In case the patient would have more than one LHR measurement, the one obtained with the least gestational age was considered. Liver position in relation to fetal thorax and possibility of herniation within the thorax were specified. Following informed consent detailed anatomical study and fetal karyotype were done. Neonatal survival at age three months and relation of LHR and presence of the liver within the fetal thorax with neonatal survival were considered. Based on previous studies patients were classified in two groups in relation to LHR: less than 1.2 and more than 1.2. Differences between the two groups by chi-square and Student-t were determined. Main outcome measures: Three months survival in relation to ultrasound markers. Results: During the study period 23 cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia were found in the Registry of the Fetal Surveillance Unit. Eight cases were excluded because other anomalies. Only 15 cases fulfilled inclusion criteria. Mean maternal age was 30.2 years. Average gestational age at the last ultrasound study before ending the pregnancy was 35 1.2 weeks. All had over 32 weeks at birth. Mean gestational age at birth was 35.7 weeks. All were born by cesarean section following institutional protocol; nine cases were emergency cesarean sections by fetal reasons. Intrathoracic liver herniation was found in five cases (33.3%) reported as ‘liver up’ according to protocol; none survived. Eight cases presented LHR >1.2, and seven survived (87.5%). Seven other cases presented LHR <1,2 and only two cases survived (28.5%). Mortality rate in the study group was 40%. No case died in utero. Three cases (50%) died immediately after birth due to lung hypoplasia and lung hypertension; one died from post surgical sepsis; 83.3 % neonatal deaths occurred in the group ‘liver up’ by prenatal ultrasound. LHR >1.2 was better predictor of neonatal survival than ‘liver down’. Conclusions: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia with LHR <1.2 in prenatal ultrasound evaluation associated to liver in the thoracic hernia sac was predictor of high post natal mortality.

Palabras clave : Diaphragmatic hernia; lung-head index; prenatal diagnosis; lung hypoplasia.

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