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Revista Peruana de Biología

versión On-line ISSN 1727-9933

Rev. peru biol. vol.27 no.4 Lima oct-dic 2020

http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v27i4.19196 

Trabajos originales

Tabanidae (Diptera) of Peru: checklist update and description of three new species

Tabanidae (Diptera) del Perú: lista actualizada y descripción de tres nuevas especies

Augusto Loureiro Henriques*  1 
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6601-2061

Tiago Kütter Krolow2 
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6453-0057

1. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. CEP 69067-375

2. Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Coordenação de Ciências Biológicas, Porto Nacional, Tocantins, Brazil. tkkrolow@gmail.com

Abstract

We provide an update to the list of the species of Tabanidae known from Peru, along with descriptions of three new species: Diachlorus tenuimaculatus n. sp., Stenotabanus (Stenotabanus) carrascoi n. sp. and Stenotabanus (Stenotabanus) chaineyi n. sp., bringing to 233 the species of Tabanidae now known from Peru.

Keywords: horseflies; taxonomy; Diachlorini; Neotropics; new species

Resumen

Se realizó una actualización de la lista de especies de Tabanidae del Perú y se describen tres nuevas especies, Diachlorus tenuimaculatus sp. n., Stenotabanus (Stenotabanus) carrascoi sp. n., y Stenotabanus (Stenotabanus) chaineyi sp. n., con ellas, suman 233 especies de Tabanidae registradas para Perú.

Palabras clave: tábanos; taxonomía; Diachlorini; región Neotropical; nuevas especies

Introduction

Tabanidae (Diptera) have a worldwide distribution, currently with more than 4400 valid species. The greatest species richness is in the Neotropical region, with more than 1200 species - almost 30% of the world fauna (Henriques et al. 2012; Krolow et al. 2017). In an important contribution to knowledge of the tabanid fauna of Peru, Wilkerson and Fairchild (1985) tabulated the then-known fauna of 228 species (including subspecies and varieties). Several new species in the Peruvian fauna have been described since 1985, but there has been no subsequent, comprehensive update of the Peruvian fauna, either in list or catalog form.

Encouraged by the study of a few hundred specimenscollected in Peru by Dr. José A. Rafael and his team, we hereupdate and revise the Wilkerson and Fairchild (1985)checklist. This update includes species that Wilkerson andFairchild (1985) had overlooked; adds species describedafter 1985; and deletes species that lack confirmation. Aswell, we describe three new species from Peru.

Material and methods

The study material is derived from an insect-collecting trip to Peru by Dr. José A. Rafael and his team in August 2012. Four sites were sampled using a Malaise trap - a site in Madre de Dios and three sites in Cuzco (see the Appendix 1 for precise locality information). Specimens were examined and digitally photographed with a Leica M205 C stereomicroscope equipped with a Leica DFC 295 camera. The software used for digital-image processing was Leica Application Suite LAS V3.6. Morphological terminology follows Cumming & Wood (2017).

Following is the list of Institutions cited below, and theiracronyms: Coleção de Entomologia da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Porto Nacional, Brazil (CEUFT), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil (INPA),Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil (MPEG), Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayorde San Marcos, Lima, Peru (MUSM), Museu de Zoologia daUniversidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP).

Results and discussion

About 1000 specimens of 40 species were collected by Rafael and team. For details of their collection data and a species list see the Appendix 1.

Table 1 shows updated information for some specieson the Wilkerson & Fairchild (1985) list and adds new records, including three new species, described below. Thistable increases the information in a previous catalog (Coscarón and Papavero 2009), which, except for the misidentification of Stenotabanus taeniotes (Wiedemann), did notinclude the records of Wilkerson & Fairchild (1985).

Table 1 Updates to the Peru checklist of Wilkerson and Fairchild (1985). 

Table 2 shows the species that should be deleted from the Wilkerson and Fairchild (1985) list and provides a detailed rationale for their removal.

Table 2 Species of Tabanidae from the checklist of Wilkerson and Fairchild (1985) [= "W&F (85)"] not validated by this study. 

Wilkerson and Fairchild (1985) reported 228 species from Peru. As a result of additions and deletions, the new list of tabanid flies from Peru now numbers 233 species and three subspecies (see Appendix 2).

Turcatel (2019) provided a revision on the genus Rhabdotylus, listing Peru in the geographic distribution of R. venenatum (Osten Sacken), though it seems thatshe did not review material from this country. This species is not in the Wilkerson and Fairchild´s checklist,besides the catalogue of Neotropical Diptera (Coscarón& Papavero 2009) does not include Peru as a knowndistribution for the species. We could not be able totrack this record, therefore, not included this species inthe list of Peruvian tabanids.

Diachlorus tenuimaculatus n. sp.

(Figs. 1 - 4)

Figures 1 4. Diachlorus tenuimaculatus n. sp. 1. holotype, habitus dorsal; 2. paratype, habitus lateral; 3. holotype, frontal view; 4. paratype, head lateral. 

A yellow species; scutum yellow with broad median shiny black spot reaching to posterior margin and laterally to wing base; the dark anterior-lateral spot is obscured. Wing with distinct brown apical patch that extends along the posterior margin until the anal lobe. Yellow abdomen with tergites 4-7 with black patches laterally.

Female. Length of holotype 8.5 mm (variation of paratypes 7.7 - 10.2 mm), wing 8.3 mm. Eye glabrous; the eye pattern is very similar to the pattern in D. curvipes (Fabricius) and D. varipes (Rondani), as illustrated in Lutz (1913), the second as D. conspicuus Lutz. Frons yellow pruinescent with yellow hairs, black on vertex (divergence index = 1; frontal index = 4). Basal callus brown to dark-brown, narrower than frons, usually higher than wide. Subcallus, parafacial, gena, laterals of clypeus and palpus predominantly yellow pruinescent with yellow hairs. Clypeus, except laterals, dark-brown shiny. Scape antennal yellow with yellow hairs dorsally and ventrally, black hairs laterally. Flagellum yellow-brown tomentose. First flagellomere yellow. Prementum and labella membranous and yellowish.

Prothorax and katatergite whitish. Scutum yellow with yellow hairs and pruinescence; in the middle a large black bare spot with a conspicuous yellow median stripe. The dark anterolateral spots may be inconspicuous by the pale pruinescence. Scutellum brown to black at the base, paler to the posterior margin. Notopleuron yellow with yellow hairs. Anepimeron and upper half of katepisternum yellowish; anepisternum and lower half of katepisternum blackish with the characteristic pearly pruinescence of the genus Diachlorus. Coxae and femora yellow with yellow hairs, except by black hairs at apex of fore femur. Fore tibia brown to black with black hairs, brown hairs ventrally (internally). Mid tibia whitish at the base, the remainder yellow with yellow hairs. Hind tibia white to yellowish at the base, the remainder brown with dark hairs. Fore tarsus black. Mid and hind tarsi with first tarsomere white, the remainder ligth brown. Anterior area of wing including pterostigma yellowish; a distinct dark brown apical patch extending in less intensity along the posterior margin to anal lobe. No appendix at fork. Halter yellow. Abdomen yellow, dorsally with yellow hairs in the middle and sides of tergites 1-5, black hairs in the remainder. Dorsolateral of tergites 4-7 with black patches, sometimes on the tergite 3, rarely absent on tergite 4. Sternites 1-5 yellow with yellow hairs, 6-7 black with black hairs.

Male. Unknown.

Type material. All specimens previously stored in a tube with 70% ethanol and then pinned. Holotype female: PERU, Cusco (sic), Quincemil, 633 m [elevation], 13°13′03″S; 70°43′40″W, 23-31.viii.2012, malaise [trap], J.A. Rafael, R.R. Cavichioli & D.M. Takiya [cols.] (MUSM); paratype females: same data as holotype (3 CEUFT, 10 INPA, 3 MPEG, 10 MUSM, 3 MZUSP); Madre de Dios,Mazuko, 382 m [elevation], 13°0251S; 70°2046W,18-22.viii.2012, malaise [trap], R.R. Cavichioli, J.A Rafael, A.P.M. Santos & D.M. Takiya [cols] (5 INPA; 5 MUSM); Cusco (sic), Quincemil, 874 m [elevation], 13°20′10″S; 70°50′57″W, viii. 2012, malaise, J.A. Rafael, A.P.M. Santos & D.M. Takiya (1 INPA).

Etymology. From Latin, tenuis = dilute, attenuated; macula = spot.

Discussion. Similar to D. curvipes (Fabricius) by the resemblance of scutum pattern, frons and legs, but the anterolateral spot in the scutum is somewhat conspicuous in the new species, absent in D. curvipes. Furthermore, the wing posterior border and the sides of tergites 4-7 are dark. It is similar to D. heppneri Wilkerson & Fairchild and D. nuneztovari Fairchild & Ortiz in the darkening of the wing posterior border, but both species do not have the median yellow stripe on the scutum nor the dorsolateral black spots on the abdomen. D. tenuimaculatus n. sp. is somewhat similar to D. varipes (Rondani) in the darkening of the wing posterior border, but is readily differentiated by the wider frons, frontal index = 4, whereas in D. varipes = 7.

Distribution. Eastern Peru.

Stenotabanus (Stenotabanus) carrascoi n. sp.

(Figs. 5-8)

Figures 5 8. Stenotabanus carrascoi n. sp. 5. holotype, habitus dorsal; 6. holotype, habitus lateral; 7. holotype, frontal view; 8) holotype, head lateral. 

A black species, including notopleuron and pleuron. Frons divergent above. Abdominal segments 2 - 6 with whitish hind margin. Wing fumose with anterior region yellowish. Tibiae obscurely bicolored.

Female. Length of holotype 8.4 mm (variation of paratypes 7.5 - 9.7), wing 8.2 mm. Eye with two transversebands. Frons whitish-gray pruinescent, divergent above(divergence index = 1.7; frontal index = 4.4). Basal callusdark-brown to black, higher than wide. Median callusslender with lateral dark-brown to black patch of pruinescence. Vertex shiny with vestiges of ocelli. Subcallusyellowish-brown pruinescent. Subantennal band weak.

Parafacial, clypeus and gena pale yellowish-brown generally with pale hairs; but there may be dark hairs near the antenna base as well as in the clypeus and gena. Antennal scape dark-brown, subshining, with black hairs. Pedicel and postpedicel orange-brown, style darkbrown. Palpus brown to dark-brow with black hairs. Proboscis black, membranous.

Scutum, scutellum and notopleuron black with black hairs. There are vestiges of greenish shining recumbent scale-like hairs (appear to have been removed by fixation in alcohol). Pleuron dark-brown pruinescent with black hairs, except propleuron grayish pruinescent and katatergite with a patch of pale hairs. Coxae and femora dark-brown to black with black hairs, the former may have gray pruinescence. Tibiae obscurely bicolored, brown "orange" with white hairs basally, dark-brown with black hairs apically, in the following proportion (pale/dark): fore tibia ½, mid tibia ½ to –, hind tibia –. Sometimes the pale or the dark area is more extensive. Fore tarsus dark-brown, mid and hind tarsi brown, the remaining black. Wing fumose, bc, c, br, steam vein cell and pterostigma yellowish. Veins dark-brown. Halter brown. Abdomen black with hind margin of segments 2-6 whitish. The pilosity is predominantly black, except in the whitish margins, lateral of tergites 1-6 and sternites 1 and 2, with white hairs. Tergites 1 and 2 with gray-brown pruinescence, better visible from behind. Sternites 1 and 2 with grayish pruinescence.

Male. Unknown.

Type material. All specimens previously stored in a tube with 70% ethanol and then pinned. Holotype female: PERU, Cusco (sic), Quincemil, 633 m [elevation], 13°13′03″S; 70°43′40″W, 23-31.viii.2012, malaise [trap], J.A. Rafael, R.R. Cavichioli & D.M. Takiya [cols.] (MUSM); paratype females: same data as holotype (3 CEUFT, 09 INPA, 3 MPEG, 10 MUSM, 3 MZUSP); idem, 874 m [elevation], 13°20′10″S; 70°50′57″W, viii. 2012, malaise, J.A. Rafael, A.P.M. Santos & D.M. Takiya (1 INPA).

Etymology. The name is an honor to Francisco Carrasco, Peruvian zoologist, who published in 1972 a list with 163 species for the country.

Discussion. Similar to S. chaineyi n. sp., described here, but has darker antenna, obscurely bicolored legs (tibiae), fumose wing and yellowish costal cell.

Distribution. Eastern Peru.

Stenotabanus (Stenotabanus) chaineyi n. sp.

(Figs. 9-12)

Figures 9 12. Stenotabanus chaineyi n. sp. 9. holotype, habitus dorsal; 10. holotype, habitus lateral; 11. holotype, frontal view; 12. holotype, head lateral. 

Stenotabanus ?variant of incipiens; Chainey et al., 1999: 90 (in key): 105 (discussion under Stenotabanus incipiens)

A distinct black species, including palpus, notopleuron and pleuron. Abdominal segments 2-6 with pale hind margins. Tibiae bicolored.

Female. Length of holotype 9 mm (variation of paratypes 7.6 - 9), wing. 8.8 mm. Eye with two transverse bands. Frons yellowish gray pruinescent, wide and slightly divergent above (frontal index = 3.9; divergence index = 1.4). Basal callus black-brown, median callus black with black-brown lateral pruinescence, visible from below view. A conspicuous tubercle at vertex, but no ocelli. Subcallus with black-brown integument and yellowish gray pruinescence. Subantennal band brown to dark-brown. Clypeus, parafacial and gena yellowish gray pruinescent with black hairs, sometimes pale hairs on parafacial and partially on gena. Antenna with scape and pedicel light brown to orange-brown with black hairs, slightly subshining, flagellum orange. Palpus black with black hairs. Proboscis black, membranous.

Scutum black, brownish gray anteriorly, with recumbent shining greenish hairs, scales-hair. Scutellum black with same scales, but whiter. Notopleuron black with erect black hairs and dorsal light scales. All pleuron darkbrown to black with dark-brown gray pruinescence and black hairs. All legs black with black hairs, except by bicolored tibiae, white at base in proportions: fore tibia 1/3, mid tibia ½, hind tibia 2/3. All tarsi black. Wing hyaline with brown to dark-brow veins; the unique areas tinged are bc cell and steam vein cell brown, and pterostigma yellowish. Halter dark-brown. Abdomen mostly black with pale hind margin of segments 2-6 or 7. Hairs color same as the background, except sternite 2 where there are black and white hairs. Sternites 1 and 2 with bluishgray pruinescence.

Male. Unknown.

Type material. All specimens previously stored in a tube with 70% ethanol and then pinned. Holotype female: PERU, Madre de Dios, Mazuco, 382 m [elevation], 13°02′51″S; 70°20′46″W, 18-22.viii.2012, malaise [trap], R.R. Cavichioli, J.A Rafael, A.P.M. Santos & D.M. Takiya [cols] (MUSM); paratype females: same data as holotype (2 CEUFT, 6 INPA, 2 MPEG, 4 MUSM, 2 MZUSP); Cusco (sic), Quincemil, 633 m [elevation], 13°13′03″S; 70°43′40″W, 23-31.viii.2012, malaise, J.A. Rafael, R.R. Cavichioli & D.M. Takiya (1 CEUFT, 2 INPA, 1 MPEG, 2 MUSM, 1 MZUSP).

Etymology. The name is in honor of John E. Chainey, retired researcher at the Natural History Museum (London), who first noticed the possibility of a new taxon.

Discussion. It resembles Stenotabanus incipiens, but it is easily separable by having black palpus and pleuron; tergites 1-2 lacking the bluish-gray lateral pruinescence; and tergites 2-6 with narrower, pale hind margins that are less expanded medially. Chainey et al. (1999: 105) examined specimens from Peru and Bolivia of the species described here, but hesitated to describe it, however, they made comparisons and commented on variations such as the presence of light hairs on the clypeus and parafacial.

Distribution. Eastern Peru and Bolivia.

Agradecimientos / Acknowledgments:

To Dr. José A. Rafael and team for the collection of the material. To Dr. Stephen M. Smith (Biology, University of Waterloo, Canada) for comments and help in editing the English version. We thanks the anonymous reviewers that undoubtedly contributed to the improvement of the work.

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Krolow TK, Henriques AL, Pollet M. 2017. The Tabanidae of the Mitaraka expedition, with an updated check list of French Guiana (Diptera). ZooKeys 684: 85-118. https:// doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.684.13197 [ Links ]

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Wilkerson RC, Fairchild GB. 1985. A checklist and generic key to the Tabanidae (Diptera) of Peru, with special reference to the Tambopata Reserved Zone, Madre de Dios. Revista Peruana de Entomología 27: 37-53. ("1984"). [ Links ]

Fuentes de financiamiento / Funding: The authors declare that this work did not receive specific funding

4Aspectos éticos / legales; Ethics / legals: There are no ethical or legal aspects to declare when dealing with a review

5Publicación registrada en Zoobank/ZooBank article registered: LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:405FCB11-B80B-459A-B7EB-F3E3F7584070

6Acto nomenclatural/nomenclatural act: Diachlorus tenuimaculatus Henriques & Krolow, 2020 LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B3AC891B-5D06-4299-987B-A8E64F7BED8E

7Acto nomenclatural/nomenclatural act: Stenotabanus carrascoi Henriques & Krolow, 2020 LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2E008A63-C2B1-4187-AD36-AE183C360E34

8Acto nomenclatural/nomenclatural act: Stenotabanus chaineyi Henriques & Krolow, 2020 LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CCCE2364-1971-4E1F-8E89-E1B120A95BFF

Appendix 1 Species of Tabanidae captured by Malaise traps in Peru, August 2012. 

Appendix 2 Updated list of species of Tabanidae of Peru 

Received: October 22, 2019; Accepted: September 13, 2020

Correspondencia *Corresponding author augusto.inpa@gmail.com

Conflicto de intereses / Competing interests: The authors do not incur in conflicts of interest.

Rol de los autores / Authors Roles: ALH: Ideas; formulation of overarching research goals and aims, described the new species and updated the list of species; TKK: who accepted the challenge, jointly described the three new species, and assisted in updating the species list.

Creative Commons License This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License