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Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana

versión impresa ISSN 1814-5469versión On-line ISSN 2308-0531

Rev. Fac. Med. Hum. vol.20 no.3 Lima jul./sep 2020

http://dx.doi.org/10.25176/rfmh.v20i3.3055 

Original article

Factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders in cleaning workers of the emergency service of a tertiary hospital

Sara C. Zamora-Chávez1  , Obstetrician, Master in Health Policy and Planning

Rolando Vásquez-Alva2  3  , Surgeon, Internist Specialist, Emergenciologist, Doctor of Medicine

Consuelo Luna-Muñoz3  , Surgeon, Specialist in Pediatrics, Doctor in Public Health

Lina Luz Carvajal-Villamizar3  , Medical Surgeon, Master in Teaching and Health Research

1Departamento de Obstetricia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Lima, Perú.

2 Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Lima, Perú.

3Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins. Lima, Perú.

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Musculoskeletal disorders are health problems that can lead to disability.

Objective:

To determine the factors associated with the presence of musculoskeletal disorders in cleaning workers in the emergency service of the Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital, 2019.

Methods:

Descriptive, observational, cross-sectional retrospective with a quantitative approach. The survey technique was used and the instrument was the Standard Nordic Questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied.

Results:

129 participants, female (82.95%); median age 43 years, height 1.55m, overweight or obese (57.37%), secondary or higher education (93.80%), originating in the interior of the country (37.21%) and from Lima; 32 years lived in Lima, the median working time was 18 months, 43.41% worked in the morning and 9.30% worked in more than one place (9.30%). They presented musculoskeletal pain 93.02%, pain in more than one area 75.97%, low back pain 65.12%, back pain 47.29%, neck pain (37.21%) and elbow / forearm pain 13, 18%. Only in the bivariate analysis, the working time was significant for the presence of pain (p value=0.009).

Conclusion:

After performing the adjusted analysis, no factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders were found.

Keywords:  Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena; Musculoskeletal Pain; Low Back Pain; Surveillance of the Workers Health (Source: MeSH NLM)

INTRODUCTION

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO), "occupational health is the science of anticipating, recognizing and evaluating harmful risks in the workplace, as well as developing strategies for prevention and control, with the aim of protecting and promoting the health and well-being of workers. At the same time safeguarding the community and the environment in general "1.

There is a latency period between the onset of symptoms caused by the activity performed by the worker and the diagnosis of the occupational disease, which remains silent and only becomes evident with the passage of months or years. The burden of personal illness or the inadequate habits of the worker in his work area not only contribute, but also make it more difficult to link the illness to a specific type of work.

According to ILO estimates, "Every day people die from work-related accidents or illnesses more than 2.78 million deaths per year. In addition, some 374 million Nonfatal work-related injuries occur annually, resulting in more than 4 days of absenteeism. The cost of this daily adversity is enormous and the economic burden of poor safety and safety practices is estimated at 3.94 percent of the global Gross Domestic Product each year"2.

In Latin America and Peru, the magnitude of occupational diseases is still unknown. The ILO estimates that, in developing countries, the annual cost of occupational accidents and diseases is between 2% and 11% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)3.

In the most developed countries "occupational health is considered a fundamental pillar in the development of a country, is a strategy to fight poverty. Its actions are aimed at promoting and protecting workers' health and preventing occupational accidents and diseases caused by working conditions and occupational risks in various economic activities"3.

On the other hand, the effects of chemical products or new technologies determine new risks that only become evident over time. They obviously represent potential and real problems for both the workers and the team that has to deal with them, also having relevance to the risks they represent for the environment4.

Cleaning workers more frequently suffer from pathologies such as musculoskeletal disorders, the main symptom of which is localized osteoarticular and muscular pain. Although on many occasions they may have a non-work-related origin, they may even be due to personal factors. It is the working conditions that usually trigger a large number of them, mainly those related to forced postures, repetitive movements, efforts, manual handling of loads, and others such as cold, heat, stress, etc.5

The study is aimed at expanding the incipient scientific knowledge produced by Peruvian medicine in this area in order to favor changes in work practices, especially in the prevention of musculoskeletal injuries, by implementing continuous improvement programs.

The purpose of this study is to determine the factors associated with the presence of musculoskeletal disorders in cleaning workers of the emergency unit of the Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital, 2019.

METHODS

Design and setting

Descriptive, observational, retrospective cross-sectional with a quantitative approach. It was performed in the adult emergency unit of the Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM - EsSalud, during the months of May to July of 2019.

Population and sample

The population consisted of 141 cleaning workers from the adult emergency unit of HNERM and the sample by 129 workers since 4 cleaning workers resigned and 8 were on vacation at the time of the study.

Variables and instruments

Independent variables were considered: age, gender, marital status, place of origin, place of provenance, time living in Lima, level of education, currently studying, nutritional status, medical-surgical background, time at work, work shift, hours per shift, extra work and as a dependent variable musculoskeletal pain.

The survey technique was used in the study and the instrument was the Standard Nordic Questionnaire (SNQ)6, a version translated into Spanish and validated with consistency and reliability coefficients, 0.727 and 0.816, the validity of the instrument was performed by calculating the coefficient from Kuder Richardson7.

The SNQ detects musculoskeletal symptoms in the last 12 months up to 07 days prior to the survey application, such as pain, discomfort, numbness, etc. It has two parts, one that identifies the areas of the body where the symptoms appear and using a body figure to locate the anatomical sites, and the second part identifies the functional impact of the mentioned symptoms and the evaluation that the patient may have received. The SNQ was adapted to the objectives of the present study, because of its validity, reliability, and its nationally and internationally use in various investigations.

Procedures

After information on the research work and signing of the informed consent form, a validated and anonymous survey was used by the cleaning personnel of the adult emergency unit, the time of application of the survey was 15 minutes for each worker.

Statistical analysis

The data was processed according to the SPSS 23.0 package. For the univariate analysis, the frequencies and percentages of the qualitative variables were calculated. For the bivariate analysis, the chi-square was estimated, Odds Ratio (OR) were calculated with their respective confidence interval as a measure of association, Fisher's exact test, and Mann Whitney U test was also calculated. A significance level of 95% was used; Likewise, the multivariate analysis was performed with logistic regression.

Ethical aspects

This research has the authorization of the head of the adult emergency unit of HNERM-EsSalud; In addition, the cleaning workers who participated in the survey signed the informed consent form, their dignity, integrity, privacy, and confidentiality were preserved by protecting the personal data of the patients (Declaration of Helsinki)8.

RESULTS

In the sample of 129 cleaning workers, predominated by women (82.95%), the median age was 43 years (RIC = 15 years) and height 1.55m (RIC = 0.09m), more than half were overweight or obese (57.37%), most had completed secondary or higher education (93.80%), living in Lima on average 32 years (RIC = 24 years), more than 1/3 of workers originated from areas outside of Lima (37.21%) and came from the districts of San Juan de Lurigancho, San Martín de Porres and Comas (34.12%).

Regarding the workplace, the participants had a median of 18 months (RIC = 27 months) of seniority in their work, worked in the morning shift (43.41%), 8 hours per shift (96.90%) and only 9.30% reported working in more than one place (Table 1).

Table 1.  Sociodemographic and labor variables of cleaning workers, adult emergency unit-HNERM, 2019. 

Sociodemographic and health variables n %  
Gender      
Female 107 82.9  
Male 22 17.1  
Age (years) * 43 (15)  
Marital status      
Single 57 44.2  
Married 56 43.4  
Divorced 10 7.8  
Widower 6 4.7  
Size (meters) * 1.55 (0.09)  
Nutritional status      
Low weight 2 1.6  
Normal weight 53 41.1  
Overweight 52 40.3  
Obesity 1 19 14.7  
Obesity 2 2 1.6  
Obesity 3 1 0.8  
Degree of instruction      
Primary 8 6.2  
Secondary 93 72.1  
Technical superior 19 14.7  
University superior 9 6.9  
Currently studying      
Yes 29 22.5  
No 100 77.5  
Place of origin      
Lima 77 59.7  
Iquitos 8 6.2  
Lambayeque 6 4.7  
San Martin 5 3.8  
Ayacucho 4 3.1  
Callao 4 3.1  
Others 25 19.4  
Place of provenance      
San Juan de Lurigancho 17 13.2  
San Martin de Porres 14 10.8  
Comas 13 10.1  
Los Olivos 11 8.5  
Cercado de Lima 10 7.8  
Others 64 49.6  
Time spent in Lima (years) * 32 (24)  
Medical/surgical history      
Yes 30 23.3  
No 99 76.7  
Work variables      
Time at work (months) * 18 (27)
Work shift      
Day 56 43.4  
Afternoon 45 34.9  
Night 28 21.7  
Hours per shift      
8 hours 125 96.9  
12 hours 4 3.1  
Extra work      
Yes 12 9.3  
No 117 90.7  

* Median interquartile range (RIC).

93.02% of the interviewees presented musculoskeletal pain of some kind, the majority (75.9%) presented pain in more than one area, mainly lumbar pain (65.1%), dorsal back pain (47.3%) and neck pain (37.2%). On the other hand, the least reported pain was that of the elbow/forearm (13.2%) (Table 2).

Table 2.  Musculoskeletal pain in cleaning workers, adult emergency unit-HNERM, 2019. 

Musculoskeletal pain n %
Present pain
Yes 120 93,1
No 9 6,9
Number of painful areas
None 9 6,1
One 22 17,5
More than one 98 75,9
Neck pain
Yes 48 37,2
No 81 62,8
Shoulder Pain
Right Shoulder 17 13,2
Left Shoulder 15 11,6
Both shoulders 12 9,3
No pain 85 65,9
Pain from back (dorsal)
Yes 61 47,3
No 68 52,7
Lumbar pain
Yes 84 65,1
No 45 34,9
Pain in elbow / forearm
Elbow / right forearm 9 6,9
Elbow / left forearm 5 3,9
Both elbows / forearms 3 2,3
No pain 112 86,8
Wrist / hand pain
Right wrist hand 24 18,6
Left wrist hand 7 5,4
Both wrists / hands 12 9,3
No pain 86 66,7
Hip / leg pain
Right hip / leg 19 14,7
Left hip / leg 9 6,9
Both hips / legs 4 3,1
No pain 97 75,3
Knee pain
Right Knee 21 16,3
Left knee 10 7,7
Both knees 12 9,3
No pain 86 66,7
Ankle/foot painankle / footankle / foot
Right ankle/ foot 12 9,3
Left ankle/ foot 8 6,2
Both ankles / feet 15 11,6
No pain 94 72,9

By analyzing the factors associated with the presence of pain, in the bivariate analysis, we found statistical significance only for the variable time at work (p = 0.009) (Table 3); however, when performing the multivariate analysis, with the logistic regression method, between the dependent variable, musculoskeletal pain and the independent variables work time, age and nutritional status, we found no association, seeTable 4.

Table 3.  Bivariate analysis of factors associated with musculoskeletal pain in cleaning workers, adult emergency unit-HNERM, 2019. 

Associated factors Musculoskeletal pain p* OR IC OR
Present Absent LI LS
n % n %
Gender Female 101 94.4 6 5.6 0.181 2.66 0.51 4.61
Male 19 86.4 3 13.6
Marital Status Married 53 94.6 3 5.4 0.887 1.58 0.43 3.48
Single / widowed / divorced 67 91.8 6 8.2
Studying YesSi 26 89.7 3 10.3 0.42 0.55 0.26 2.27
No 94 94.0 6 6.0
Nutritional status Low weight / normal weight 49 88.9 6 11.1 0.17 0.35 0.22 1.77
Overweight / obesity 71 96.0 3 4.0
Work shift Morning 52 92.9 4 7.1 1.00 0.96 0.38 2.53
Afternoon / night 68 93.2 5 6.8
Place of origin San Juan de Lurigancho/ San Martin de Porres 29 93.5 2 6.5 1.000 1.12 0.22 5.67
Other Districts 91 92.9 7 7.1
Place of providence Lima / Callao 74 91.4 7 8.6 0.483 0.46 0.09 2.31
Other regions of the country 46 95.8 2 4.2
Medical history Yes 29 96.7 1 3.3 0.68 2.55 0.15 14.89
No 91 91.9 8 8.1
Level of education Primary / Secondary level 93 92.1 8 7.9 0.683 0.43 0.05 3.60
Superior 27 96.4 1 3.6
Extra work Yes 11 91.7 1 8.3 0.597 0.81 0.09 7.07
No 109 93.2 8 6.8
Age †   - - -   0.094 - - -
Time at work † - - -   0.009 - - -
Time living in Lima † - - -   0.382 - - -

* Test exacto de Fisher / † Prueba de U de Mann Whitney.

Table 4.  Multivariate analysis of factors associated with musculoskeletal pain in cleaning workers, adult emergency unit-HNERM, 2019. 

Variables OR adjusted Confidence interval 95% p- value
LI LS
Work time 0.93 0.85 1.02 0.114
Age 0.98 0.91 1.05 0.497
Nutritional status 2.21 0.50 9.68 0.295

* Adjusted for age and gender.

DISCUSSION

The work of the cleaning staff involves the performance of changes in posture, rapid and abrupt movements of flexion, the use of excessive force in the upper extremities, especially in the arms and hands, lower back, etc. Sometimes posture adoption becomes permanent. The aforementioned personnel works for long periods of time using incorrect postures, handling brooms, mops, pulling heavy material, pushing waste transport carts, etc. The use of repetitive movements and the adoption of various postures may imply a risk for musculoskeletal disorders4,6,9.

82.9% of female cleaning workers express the tendency towards occupational segregation that has been oriented towards both men and women, having an important cultural component. Thus, cleaning work has traditionally been directed at women. Socioeconomic and cultural factors, as well as gender stereotypes, have affected occupational segregation, which is the underlying reason for so many gender inequalities10.

In 2004, in the “Guide for the improvement of working conditions”, it is mentioned that despite the fact that our society has made progress in the rights of women, there is still a differentiation of gender roles (women are expected to be caregivers unlike men) and a situation of preponderance and social power for men. It should also be noted that women have entered the labor market without substantial changes in how and who performs domestic work; This social reality also determines the conditions of wage and health work and causes the appearance of risks that mainly affect women11.

The average height was 1.55m and 57.37% were overweight or obese. In a study that related body mass index (BMI) and musculoskeletal disorders, they found overweight in the cleaning staff of a Police Health Hospital, being the spine the most affected when carrying out its activities, in addition to the higher BMI, the greater incidence of musculoskeletal disorders12. In another study in relation to BMI and waist circumference, they found that "11.4% of the surveyed population was not suitable for moderate physical activity" and that 26.6% of respondents had an increased BMI13. Contrary to this association, it was reported in a systematic review of 65 epidemiological studies where only 32% of these obtained a positive association between lumbar pain and obesity14.

Weight, height, and body mass index have been identified by different studies as potential risks of musculoskeletal disorders, especially for carpal tunnel syndrome and lumbar herniated disc. The increase in body weight and musculoskeletal disorders are related since they would cause prolonged microtrauma to the muscles, tendons, and joints of the musculoskeletal system, especially those that bear the greatest load. In relation to the lumbar herniation disc, a relationship of the disease was found with weight and height; some studies have observed that taller people have greater back pain13.

It should be noted that despite being considered a job that does not require much preparation and studies, most with 93.7% of the respondents have a complete secondary education and even higher. No association was found with musculoskeletal symptoms. In another study, it was evidenced that there was no significant statistical association between the level of education and the presence of symptoms in a construction company; the highest prevalence of symptoms was observed in workers who reported primary education. It is thought that individuals with a low level of education and little training access to low-skilled jobs where there are various and greater occupational risk factors, which favor the appearance of musculoskeletal pathologies15.

93.10% reported musculoskeletal pain of some kind, the majority (75.94%) in more than one area, mainly low back pain (65.12%), back pain (47.29%) and neck pain (37.21 %). The type of work has ergonomic risks such as posture, strength, and movement, which would contribute to the presumption that all musculoskeletal disorders have their biomechanical origin13,16,17. The longer the exposure time, the greater the symptoms expected, such as those found in the study, which, however, adjusted for age and time, did not show significance.

37.21% of the respondents manifested neck pain, is the third most reported body region with pain. Various jobs often find neck pain4, because cleaning work is prone to maintain the body in postures that force and keep in tension the body structure thus producing musculoskeletal injuries over time18.

Lumbar pain was the most commonly reported painful symptom. Crespo19refers that there are work factors that predispose to the presence of low back pain in workers, such as the non-application of work breaks, ignorance of the elements of personal protection, and poor postures in job performance. Regarding the latter, it was reported that 76% of the population does not lift objects to chest height, 52% do not keep their backs straight when lifting a load, and 54% state that they do not flex their legs to lift a weight. A great influence of the body mass index was found with respect to low back pain since 71% of the overweight and 60% obese cleaning staff presented moderate or severe low back pain. Proper ergonomics, not only in the workday but in the activities of daily life, can prevent pathologies such as herniated disc20.

In a study of cleaning workers in Taiwan with musculoskeletal symptoms, they were found to experience various types of psychosocial stress, and time pressure was found to be a risk factor associated with discomfort in various parts of the body21.

Symptoms in upper limbs occur when handling cleaning tools, because with their manipulation a great number of flexions and extensions of arms and wrists occur, frequently the arms and shoulders are raised and force is used when sweeping, cleaning, and polishing, also in mop draining. Thus, symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome, epicondylitis, and painful shoulder occur with significant frequency. The alternation of tasks and breaks are the most appropriate measures to prevent them. Among the limitations of the study is insufficient statistical power, due to the fact that the size of the study population was limited.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, working time in years is a factor associated with musculoskeletal pain, however, adjusting for age and gender did not show statistical significance.

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Funding sources: Self-financed.

Received: April 10, 2020; Accepted: June 17, 2020

Correspondence : Sara C. Zamora Chávez. Address: Jr. Cápac Yupanqui 2698 -104, Lince, Lima-Perú. Telephone number: 941 892 433 E-mail:caroramozados@hotmail.com

Author's contribution: SZCH and RVA haveparticipated in the conception and design of thearticle and approval of the final version of themanuscript. SZCH and CLM produced the first draft ofthe article. SZCH RVA and CLM have carried out thedata collection and the critical revision of the content.

Interest conflict: The authors declare that they haveno conflict of interest.

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