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Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana

versión impresa ISSN 1814-5469versión On-line ISSN 2308-0531

Rev. Fac. Med. Hum. vol.21 no.1 Lima ene-mar 2021

http://dx.doi.org/10.25176/rfmh.v21i1.3119 

Review article

Risk factors associated with Barrett's Esophagus in hospitalized patients

Gerard Gomez1 

1Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima, Perú.

ABSTRACT

Objective:

The objective of this article is to carry out a systematic review of scientific articles that reveal the risk factors associated with Barret's esophagus in hospitalized patients.

Methods:

The review was performed by electronic search for articles related to risk factors associated with Barret's esophagus in hospitalized patients. The PEO question was: What are the risk factors associated with Barret's esophagus in hospitalized patients? The search sources were in PUBMED. The search terms were: Risk Factors; Barret's esophagus; hospitalized patients. For this review, articles published from 2010 that had research experiences and theoretical-conceptual aspects were selected.

Results:

Of the 389 results found with indexing sources, a total of 25 articles were selected where 22 articles contained research results and 3 were considered for theoretical-conceptual aspects that are related to the purpose of the study. The search resulted in risk factors associated with Barret's esophagus according to demographic characteristics and patient traits, presentation, and clinical data and lifestyles.

Conclusion:

An association of various risk factors with Barret's esophagus is evidenced in hospitalized patients. The most concordant risk factors associated with Barret's esophagus in the review were male sex, increased age, metabolic syndrome, hiatal hernia, use of proton pump inhibitors, gastroesophageal reflux (GER), obstructive sleep apnea, and erosive esophagitis.

Key words: Risk Factors; Barret's Esophagus; Patients. (Source: MeSH NLM)

INTRODUCTION

At present, there are several risk factors for Barrett's esophagus which have not been fully reviewed in hospitalized patients. Barrett's esophagus is an acquired esophageal condition characterized by the presence of metaplastic columnar epithelium in the distal esophagus that replaces the normal stratified squamous mucosa. Factors associated with Barrett's esophagus are symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), advanced age, and male gender. Studies have revealed an association with central obesity (waist / hip ratio or abdominal circumference, but less clearly with body mass index or overall body fat content), smoking, Caucasian race, and a positive family history. In contrast, alcohol consumption does not appear to be a significant risk factor. Research has also found possible risk factors, such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and sleep apnea.1

A potential mechanism of BE pathogenesis involves transdifferentiation, in which fully differentiated esophageal squamous cells change to fully differentiated columnar cells, either directly (without undergoing cell division) or indirectly (through cell division). Although once differentiated cells are considered immutable, studies have shown that differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to acquire characteristics of immature progenitor cells. Many types of mature cells have the ability to de-differentiate into cells with progenitor cell characteristics. Therefore, trans difference in the esophagus can occur through a 2-stage GERD process in an induced reprogramming in which mature squamous cells reverse their differentiation to acquire progenitor cell plasticity before changing to a columnar phenotype.2

The diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus should appear to be straightforward, that means, a visible change in the lining of the distal esophagus and histologic confirmation with columnar metaplasia. Diagnostic components of Barrett's esophagus include endoscopic recognition, appropriately targeted biopsies, and histologic confirmation.3

The objective of this article is to carry out a systematic review of scientific articles which reveal the risk factors associated with Barrett's esophagus in hospitalized patients.

METHODS

A systematic search of electronic databases was carried out to identify publications related to risk factors for Barret's esophagus, in the PUBMED indexing source. The PEO question was: What are the risk factors associated with Barret's esophagus in hospitalized patients?

The advanced search terms for PUBMED were: Risk factors, Barret's esophagus and patients. For this review, articles published with research results and those with theoretical-conceptual aspects since June 2010 and carried out in humans were selected with the help of the PUBMED advanced search. The systematic search used in PUBMED was: ((Patients(tiab) OR patient(tiab) OR Clients(tiab) OR Client(tiab)) AND (risk factors(tiab) OR Factor, Risk(tiab) OR Factors, Risk(tiab) OR Risk Factor(tiab) OR Population at Risk(tiab) OR Risk, Population at(tiab) OR Populations at Risk(tiab) OR Risk, Populations at(tiab) AND (Barrett Metaplasia(tiab) OR Barrett Metaplasias(tiab) OR Metaplasia, Barrett(tiab) OR Metaplasias, Barrett(tiab) OR Barrett's Syndrome(tiab) OR barrett Syndrome(tiab) OR Barrett Syndrome(tiab) OR Barrett's Esophagus(tiab) OR barrett Esophagus(tiab) OR Esophagus, Barrett's(tiab) OR Esophagus, Barrett(tiab) OR Barrett Epithelium(tiab) OR Epithelium, Barrett)).Figure 1shows the process of selecting the terms for the systematic search.

Tabla 1. Term selection process for the PUBMED systematic search 

    DeCS MeSH MeSH + Entry terms
P Participants Pacients “patient” (Mesh) Patiens(tiab) OR patient(tiab) OR Clients(tiab) OR Client(tiab)
E Exposition Risk factor “risk factors” (Mesh) Risk factors(tiab) OR Factor, Risk(tiab) OR Factors, Risk(tiab) OR Risk Factor(tiab) OR Population at Risk(tiab) Pr Risk, Population at(tiab) Or Populations at Risk(tiab) OR Risk, Populations at(tiab)
O Outcome Barrett's esophagus “Barrett Esophagus” (Mesh) (Barrett Metaplasia(tiab) OR Barrett Metaplasias(tiab) OR Metaplasia, Barrett(tiab) OR Metaplasias, Barrett(tiab) OR Barrett’s Syndrome(tiab) OR barrett Syndrome(tiab) OR Barrett Syndrome(tiab) OR Barrett’s Esophagus(tiab) OR barrett Esophagus(tiab) OR Esophagus, Barrett’s(tiab) OR Esophagus, Barrett(tiab) OR Esophagus, Barrett(tiab) OR Barrett Epithelium(tiab) OR Epithelium, Barrett))

The exclusion criteria were articles not in accordance with the subject of the review and without association measure values ​​ (RR, OR, HR).

RESULTS

A total of 389 results were obtained in the systematic search found in PUBMED and a total of 25 articles were selected where 22 articles contained research results and 3 were considered for theoretical-conceptual aspects that are related to the purpose of the study. Figure 2 shows the article selection process in PUBMED.

Figure 1.  Selection process of research and theoretical-conceptual articles for the review article in PUBMED 

The search resulted in risk factors associated with Barret's esophagus according to demographic characteristics and patient traits, presentation and clinical data, and lifestyles. Table 2, muestra los factores de riesgo para Esófago de Barret en pacientes hospitalizados de estudios observacionales de cohorte y casos y controles seleccionados para el artículo de revisión.

Tabla 2.  Risk factors for Barret's esophagus in hospitalized patients from observational cohort and case-control studies. 

MEASURED RISK FACTOR AUTHOR STUDY TYPE ARTICLE POPULATION MEASUREMENT VALUE CI 95% P
Demographic characteristics and patient traits (Age, Sex, ethnicity, BMI)
Male patient Yousaf Bashir Hadi4 cases and controls Independent association of obstructive sleep apnea with Barrett’s esophagus 1091 OR:1.71 1.13-2.59 <0.01
Male patient Emery C Lin5 Cohort study Low Prevalence of Suspected Barrett’s Esophagus in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Without Alarm Symptoms 4122 OR:2.61 2.44 - 2.79  
Male patient Yan-Hua Chen6 Cohort study Prevalence and risk factors for Barrett’s esophagus in Taiwan 3385 OR:2.106 1.145-3.872 0.017
Male patient A. Sonnenberg7 cases and control The influence of Helicobacter pylori on the ethnic distribution of Barrett’s metaplasia 596 479 OR: 3.34 3.28-3.40 <0.0001
Male patient Theresa H. Nguyen8 cases and control Risk Factors for Barrett’s Esophagus Compared Between African Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites 1952 OR:3.35 1.51-7.43 0.003
Male patient K. Keyashian9 cases and control Barrett’s esophagus in Latinos undergoing endoscopy for gastresophageal reflux disease symptoms 663 OR:2.34 1.35-4.05 0.002
Female patient Matheus Degiovani10 cases and control Is there a relation between helybacter pylori and intestinal metaplasia in short column epitelization up to 10 mm in the distal esophagus? 373 OR:1.76 1.13 - 2.76 0.013
increased age Yousaf Bashir Hadi4 cases and control Independent association of obstructive sleep apnea with Barrett’s esophagus 1091 OR:1.04 1.02-1.06 <0.01
increased age Atsuhiro Masuda11 Cohort study Influence of hiatal hernia and male sex on the relationship between alcohol intake and occurrence of Barrett’s esophagus 8031 OR:1.42 1.23-1.64 <0.0001
increased age Matheus Degiovani10 cases and control IS THERE A RELATION BETWEEN HELYBACTER PYLORI AND INTESTINAL METAPLASIA IN SHORT COLUMN EPITELIZATION UP TO 10 MM IN THE DISTAL ESOPHAGUS? 373 OR:1.017 1.001 -1.033 0.031
increased age Yan-Hua Chen6 Cohort study Prevalence and risk factors for Barrett’s esophagus in Taiwan 3385 OR:1.033 1.012-1.055 0.002
increased age Rena Yadlapati12 Cohort study Reduced Esophageal Contractility Is Associated with Dysplasia Progression in Barrett’s Esophagus: A Multicenter Cohort Study 193 OR:1.08 1.01-1.16 0.03
increased age Wytske M. Westra13 Cases and controls (Cigarette and smokeless tobacco users vs Non-users) Smokeless Tobacco and Cigar and/or Pipe Are Risk Factors for Barrett Esophagus in Male Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 1015 OR:1.06 1.05-1.08 <.001
increased age Wytske M. Westra13 Cases and controls (cigarette and cigar users vs Non-users) Smokeless Tobacco and Cigar and/or Pipe Are Risk Factors for Barrett Esophagus in Male Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 1015 OR:1.06 1.05-1.08 <.001
increased age A. Sonnenberg7 cases and control The influence of Helicobacter pylori on the ethnic distribution of Barrett’s metaplasia 596 479 OR: 18.29 17.39-19.24 <0.0001
increased age K. Keyashian9 cases and control Barrett’s esophagus in Latinos undergoing endoscopy for gastresophageal reflux disease symptoms 663 OR:2.17 1.25-3.76 0.006
increased age Gloria Vargas Cárdenas14 cases and control Esófago de Barrett: Prevalencia y Factores de Riesgo en el Hospital Nacional “Arzobispo Loayza” Lima-Perú 11,970 OR: 2.57 1.41-4.69 0.001
age 40 to 49 years Emery C Lin5 Cohort study Low Prevalence of Suspected Barrett’s Esophagus in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Without Alarm Symptoms 4122 OR:1.32 1.18 - 1.47  
age 50 to 59 years Emery C Lin5 Cohort study Low Prevalence of Suspected Barrett’s Esophagus in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Without Alarm Symptoms 4122 OR:1.54 1.39 - 1.71  
age 60 to 69 years Emery C Lin5 Cohort study Low Prevalence of Suspected Barrett’s Esophagus in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Without Alarm Symptoms 4122 OR:1.68 1.51 - 1.87  
equal to or greater than 70 years Emery C Lin5 Cohort study Low Prevalence of Suspected Barrett’s Esophagus in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Without Alarm Symptoms 4122 OR:1.42 1.25 - 1.61  
BMI greater than 25 Hirohiko Shinkai15 cases and controls Association between the Body Mass Index and the Risk of Barrett’s Esophagus in Japan 113 OR: 3.45 1.30-9.13 <0.01
North european A. Sonnenberg7 cases and control The influence of Helicobacter pylori on the ethnic distribution of Barrett’s metaplasia 596 479 OR: 1.14 1.03-1.26 0.0117
Presentation and clinical data (medical history)  
Metabolic syndrome Shou-Wu Lee16 cases and controls Association of metabolic syndrome with erosive esophagitis and Barrett’s esophagus in a Chinese population 7712 OR:2.82 2.05-3.88 <0.001
Metabolic syndrome Cadman L. Leggett17 cases and controls BE VS with GERD Metabolic Syndrome as a Risk Factor for Barrett Esophagus: A Population-Based Case-Control Study 309 OR:2 1.1-3.6 0.02
Metabolic syndrome Cadman L. Leggett17 cases and controls BE vs without GERD Metabolic Syndrome as a Risk Factor for Barrett Esophagus: A Population-Based Case-Control Study 309 OR:1.9 1.03-3.6 0.04
central obesity Chih-Cheng Chen18 cases and controls Central Obesity and H. pylori Infection Influence Risk of Barrett’s Esophagus in an Asian Population 161 OR:2.79 1.89-4.12 <0.001
Diabetes K. Keyashian9 cases and controls Barrett’s esophagus in Latinos undergoing endoscopy for gastresophageal reflux disease symptoms 663 OR:2.23 1.10-4.53 0.03
hiatal hernia Camille Bazin19 cases and controls Esophageal Motor Disorders Are a Strong and Independant Associated Factor of Barrett’s Esophagus 201 OR:5.60 2.45-12.76 < 0.001
hiatal hernia Atsuhiro Masuda11 Cohort study Influence of hiatal hernia and male sex on the relationship between alcohol intake and occurrence of Barrett’s esophagus 8031 OR:3.37 2.50-4.59 <0.0001
hiatal hernia Emery C Lin5 Cohort study Low Prevalence of Suspected Barrett’s Esophagus in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Without Alarm Symptoms 4122 OR:1.60 1.50 - 1.70  
hiatal hernia Yan-Hua Chen6 Cohort study? Prevalence and risk factors for Barrett’s esophagus in Taiwan 3385 OR:3.037 1.765-5.225 < 0.001
hiatal hernia Praveen Mathew20 cases and controls Risk factors for Barrett’s esophagus in Indian patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease 278 OR:3.14 1.2-8.17 0.01
hiatal hernia less than 3cm Theresa H. Nguyen8 cases and controls Risk Factors for Barrett’s Esophagus Compared Between African Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites 1952 OR:2.79 1.85-4.19 <0.001
hiatal hernia greater than or equal to 3cm Theresa H. Nguyen8 cases and controls Risk Factors for Barrett’s Esophagus Compared Between African Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites 1952 OR:5.08 3.35-7.69 <0.001
Hiatal hernia Hirohiko Shinkai15 cases and controls Association between the Body Mass Index and the Risk of Barrett’s Esophagus in Japan 113 OR:18.3 7.21-46.5 <0.01
Active gatritis (antrum) Theresa H. Nguyen8 cases and controls Risk Factors for Barrett’s Esophagus Compared Between African Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites 1952 OR:1.73 1.10-2.73 0.02
use of proton inhibitor pump Theresa H. Nguyen8 cases and controls Risk Factors for Barrett’s Esophagus Compared Between African Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites 1952 OR:1.88 1.40-2.52 <0.001
use of proton inhibitor pump Hirohiko Shinkai15 cases and controls Association between the Body Mass Index and the Risk of Barrett’s Esophagus in Japan 113 OR:8.28 2.96-123.1 0.01
Presence of belching Praveen Mathew20 cases and controls Risk factors for Barrett’s esophagus in Indian patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease 278 OR:2.28 1.11-4.66 0.02
motor disorder of the esophagus Camille Bazin19 cases and controls Esophageal Motor Disorders Are a Strong and Independant Associated Factor of Barrett’s Esophagus 201 OR:4.49 1.85-10.93 <0.001
GER Yousaf Bashir Hadi4 cases and controls Independent association of obstructive sleep apnea with Barrett’s esophagus 1091 OR:2.23 1.45-3.49 0.01
GER Cadman L. Leggett21 cases and controls Obstructive Sleep Apnea Is a Risk Factor for Barrett’s Esophagus 7482 OR:3.4 1.9-6.0 <.0001
GER Jiro Watari22 cases and controls (Cases vs without PPI) Association between obesity and Barrett’s esophagus in a Japanese population: a hospital-based, cross-sectional study 1581 OR:3.48 1.89-6.41 <0.0001
GER Jiro Watari22 cases and controls (Cases vs PPI) Association between obesity and Barrett’s esophagus in a Japanese population: a hospital-based, cross-sectional study 1581 OR:5.67 2.17-14.86 0.0004
Age of presentation of GER symptom under 30 years Omar Bakr23 cases and controls ( Cases vs Population) Gastroesophageal Reflux Frequency, Severity, Age of Onset, Family History and Acid Suppressive Therapy Predict Barrett’s Esophagus in a Large Population 317 OR:2.93 1.67-5.15  
Age of presentation of GER symptom under 30 years Omar Bakr23 cases and controls (Cases vs Patients with GER) Gastroesophageal Reflux Frequency, Severity, Age of Onset, Family History and Acid Suppressive Therapy Predict Barrett’s Esophagus in a Large Population 316 OR:1.93 1.15-3.22  
Nighttime symptoms of GER Omar Bakr23 cases and controls (Cases vs Population) Gastroesophageal Reflux Frequency, Severity, Age of Onset, Family History and Acid Suppressive Therapy Predict Barrett’s Esophagus in a Large Population 317 OR:5.40 3.81-7.72  
feeling stuck Omar Bakr23 cases and controls (Cases vs Population) Gastroesophageal Reflux Frequency, Severity, Age of Onset, Family History and Acid Suppressive Therapy Predict Barrett’s Esophagus in a Large Population 317 OR:3.00 2.13-4.24  
Family history of GER Omar Bakr23 cases and controls (Cases vs Population) Gastroesophageal Reflux Frequency, Severity, Age of Onset, Family History and Acid Suppressive Therapy Predict Barrett’s Esophagus in a Large Population 317 OR:2.55 1.80-3.62  
BE family history Omar Bakr23 cases and controls (Cases vs Population) Gastroesophageal Reflux Frequency, Severity, Age of Onset, Family History and Acid Suppressive Therapy Predict Barrett’s Esophagus in a Large Population 317 OR:10.08 2.83-35.84  
BE family history Omar Bakr23 cases and controls (Cases vs Patients with GER) Gastroesophageal Reflux Frequency, Severity, Age of Onset, Family History and Acid Suppressive Therapy Predict Barrett’s Esophagus in a Large Population 316 OR:3.64 1.50-8.83  
1-2 appointments per year for GER Omar Bakr23 cases and controls (Cases vs Population) Gastroesophageal Reflux Frequency, Severity, Age of Onset, Family History and Acid Suppressive Therapy Predict Barrett’s Esophagus in a Large Population 317 OR:7.13 4.71-10.81  
more than 3 appointments per year for GER Omar Bakr23 cases and controls (Cases vs Population) Gastroesophageal Reflux Frequency, Severity, Age of Onset, Family History and Acid Suppressive Therapy Predict Barrett’s Esophagus in a Large Population 317 OR:5.12 2.96-8.83  
3-5 appointments per year for any reason Omar Bakr23 cases and controls (Cases vs Population) Gastroesophageal Reflux Frequency, Severity, Age of Onset, Family History and Acid Suppressive Therapy Predict Barrett’s Esophagus in a Large Population 317 OR:2.06 1.40-3.03  
6-10 appointments per year for any reason Omar Bakr23 cases and controls (Cases vs Population) Gastroesophageal Reflux Frequency, Severity, Age of Onset, Family History and Acid Suppressive Therapy Predict Barrett’s Esophagus in a Large Population 317 OR:2.69 1.65-4.37  
more than 10 visits per year for any reason Omar Bakr23 cases and controls (Cases vs Population) Gastroesophageal Reflux Frequency, Severity, Age of Onset, Family History and Acid Suppressive Therapy Predict Barrett’s Esophagus in a Large Population 317 OR:2.25 1.33-3.83  
Human papillomavirus DNA M. YW Wong24 cases and controls Human papillomavirus exposure and sexual behavior are significant risk factors for Barrett’s dysplasia/esophageal adenocarcinoma 133 OR:8.2 2.8-23.8 0.0001
obstructive sleep apnea Yousaf Bashir Hadi4 cases and controls Independent association of obstructive sleep apnea with Barrett’s esophagus 1091 OR:3.26 1.72-6.85 <0.01
obstructive sleep apnea Cadman L. Leggett21 cases and controls Obstructive Sleep Apnea Is a Risk Factor for Barrett’s Esophagus 7482 OR:1.8 1.1-3.2 0.03
erosive esophagitis Atsuhiro Masuda11 Cohort study Influence of hiatal hernia and male sex on the relationship between alcohol intake and occurrence of Barrett’s esophagus 8031 OR:2.82 2.04-3.85 <0.0001
erosive esophagitis Hirohiko Shinkai15 cases and controls Association between the Body Mass Index and the Risk of Barrett’s Esophagus in Japan 113 15.3 3.49-66.8 0.01
esophagitis Gloria Vargas Cárdenas14 cases and controls Esófago de Barrett: Prevalencia y Factores de Riesgo en el Hospital Nacional “Arzobispo Loayza” Lima-Perú 11,970 14.81 3.96- 55.41 0.001
Grade B esophagitis (LA) Emery C Lin5 Cohort study Low Prevalence of Suspected Barrett’s Esophagus in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Without Alarm Symptoms 4122 OR:2.19 1.72 - 2.78  
grade C / D esophagitis (LA) Emery C Lin5 Cohort study Low Prevalence of Suspected Barrett’s Esophagus in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Without Alarm Symptoms 4122 OR:3.50 2.59 - 4.73  
Premature birth Seiji Shiota25 Cohort study Premature Birth and Large for Gestational Age Are Associated with Risk of Barrett’s Esophagus in Adults 1679 OR:4.08 1.38 - 12.05  
Lifestyle (sexual intercourse, consumption of food and drink, tobacco, alcohol)  
Person in a sexual relationship M. YW Wong24 cases and controls Human papillomavirus exposure and sexual behavior are significant risk factors for Barrett’s dysplasia/esophageal adenocarcinoma 133 OR:11.4 1.4-93.9 0.02
more than 6 oral sex partners M. YW Wong24 cases and controls Human papillomavirus exposure and sexual behavior are significant risk factors for Barrett’s dysplasia/esophageal adenocarcinoma 133 OR:4.0 1.2-13.7 0.046
alcohol consumption Atsuhiro Masuda11 Cohort study Influence of hiatal hernia and male sex on the relationship between alcohol intake and occurrence of Barrett’s esophagus 8031 OR:1.92 1.41-2.61 <0.0001
Hot tea consumption Yan-Hua Chen6 Cohort study Prevalence and risk factors for Barrett’s esophagus in Taiwan 3385 OR:1.695 1.043-2.754 0.033
Always use a cigarette Wytske M. Westra13 cases and controls (Cigarette and smokeless tobacco users vs Non-users) Smokeless Tobacco and Cigar and/or Pipe Are Risk Factors for Barrett Esophagus in Male Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 1015 OR:1.43 1.06-1.88 0.02
Always use cigarettes and smokeless tobacco Wytske M. Westra13 cases and controls (Cigarette and smokeless tobacco users vs Non-users) Smokeless Tobacco and Cigar and/or Pipe Are Risk Factors for Barrett Esophagus in Male Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 1015 OR:2.53 1.22-5.22 0.01
Always use a cigarette Wytske M. Westra13 cases and controls (Cigarette and cigar users vs Non-users) Smokeless Tobacco and Cigar and/or Pipe Are Risk Factors for Barrett Esophagus in Male Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 1015 OR:1.43 1.07-1.91 0.02
Always consume cigarette and cigar Wytske M. Westra13 cases and controls (Cigarette and cigar users vs Non-users) Smokeless Tobacco and Cigar and/or Pipe Are Risk Factors for Barrett Esophagus in Male Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 1015 OR:1.90 1.03-3.58 0.04
consumption of fatty foods Gloria Vargas Cárdenas14 cases and controls Esófago de Barrett: Prevalencia y Factores de Riesgo en el Hospital Nacional “Arzobispo Loayza” Lima-Perú 11,970 OR:8.67 2.28-32.99 0.001

The most consistent risk factors in the articles reviewed are male, increased age, metabolic syndrome, hiatal hernia, use of proton pump inhibitors, gastroesophageal reflux (GER), obstructive sleep apnea and erosive esophagitis. Central obesity, diabetes, active gastritis, presence of belching, esophageal motor disorder, human papillomavirus DNA, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, consumption of hot tea and consumption of fatty foods are risk factors with only one study showing confirms the association with Barret's esophagus, which should be further studied.

DISCUSSION

According to the demographic characteristics, for several authors, being a male is a risk factor for Barret's esophagus4,5,6,7,8,9. Although Matheus Degiovani et al, say that being a female is a risk factor for Barret's esophagus10. According to many authors, increased age is a risk factor4,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,14. Although Emery C Lin et al, found that the OR increases constantly from 40 years to 69 years where their OR is 1.68.5

With regard to presentation and clinical data, according to Shou-wu Lee et al and Cadman L. Leggett et al, metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for Barret's esophagus.16,17Other authors have found other components of the metabolic syndrome triad as risk factors, such as Chih-Cheng Chen et al, who mentioned that central obesity is a risk factor for Barrett's esophagus.18

According to several authors, hiatal hernia is a risk factor for Barret's esophagus5,6,11,19,20. Although Theresa H. Nguyen distinguishes the size of the hiatal hernia considering that one greater than or equal to 3 cm is more likely to have Barret's esophagus8

According to Yousaf Bashir Hadi et al, Cadman L. Leggett et al and Jiro Watari et al, GER is a risk factor for Barret's esophagus4,21,22. Although Omar Bakr et al, mentions that both the age of presentation, symptoms, family history and the number of consultations made for GER could also be risk factors.23Furthermore, Theresa H. Nguyen et al and Hirohiko Shinkai et al , tells us that the use of proton pump inhibitors is a risk factor for Barret's esophagus8,15.

Conforming to Yousaf Bashir Hadi et al, Cadman L. Leggett et al, obstructive sleep apnea is a risk factor for Barrett's esophagus.4,21

According to Atsuhiro Masuda et al and Hirohiko Shinkai et al, erosive esophagitis is a risk factor for Barret's esophagus.11,15Although for Gloria Vargas Cárdenas et al, only the fact of having esophagitis would already be a risk factor14, on the other hand for Emery C Lin et al, they mention that only grade B, C, D esophagitis are a risk factor for Barret's esophagus5. Lifestyles are not as well studied as a risk factor for which more studies should be carried out.

CONCLUSIONS

An association of multiple risk factors with Barret's esophagus is evidenced in hospitalized patients. The risk factors associated with Barret's esophagus in the review that were the most concordant are male sex, increased age, metabolic syndrome, hiatal hernia, use of proton pump inhibitors, gastroesophageal reflux (GER), obstructive sleep apnea and erosive esophagitis.

REFERENCES

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2. Que, Jianwen, Katherine S. Garman, Rhonda F. Souza, y Stuart Jon Spechler. "Pathogenesis and Cells of Origin of Barrett's Esophagus". Gastroenterology 157, n.o 2 (2019): 349-364.e1. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.072 [ Links ]

3. Clermont, Michelle, y Gary W. Falk. "Clinical Guidelines Update on the Diagnosis and Management of Barrett's Esophagus". Digestive Diseases and Sciences 63, n.o 8 (agosto de 2018): 2122-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-018-5070-z. [ Links ]

4. Hadi, Yousaf Bashir, Adnan Aman Khan, Syeda Fatima Zehra Naqvi, y Justin Thomas Kupec. "Independent Association of Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Barrett's Esophagus". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 35, n.o 3 (marzo de 2020): 408-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.14779. [ Links ]

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6. Chen, Yan-Hua, Hsien-Chung Yu, Kung-Hung Lin, Huey-Shyan Lin, y Ping-I Hsu. "Prevalence and risk factors for Barrett's esophagus in Taiwan". World Journal of Gastroenterology 25, n.o 25 (7 de julio de 2019): 3231-41. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i25.3231. [ Links ]

7. Sonnenberg, A., K. O. Turner, S. J. Spechler, y R. M. Genta. "The Influence of Helicobacter Pylori on the Ethnic Distribution of Barrett's Metaplasia". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 45, n.o 2 (2017): 283-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13854. [ Links ]

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Financing: Self-financed.

Received: October 01, 2020; Accepted: December 04, 2020

Correspondence: Gerard Gomez. Address: Av. Benavides 5440, Santiago de Surco, Lima-Peru. Phone: +51 952 831 740 Email:gerardgomez321@gmail.com

Authorship Contributions: The authors participated in the genesis of the idea, project design, development, collection and interpretation of data, analysis of results and preparation of the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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