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Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana
versión impresa ISSN 1814-5469versión On-line ISSN 2308-0531
Rev. Fac. Med. Hum. vol.22 no.4 Lima oct./dic. 2022 Epub 12-Oct-2022
http://dx.doi.org/10.25176/rfmh.v22i4.4614
Original article
Non-compliance with the national vaccination scheme in children under 5 years old in the peruvian jungle in 2019
1Instituto de Investigación de Ciencias Biomédicas (INICIB), Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Ricardo Palma. Lima, Perú.
2Escuela de Postgrado en Gestión Pública de la Universidad Tecnológica del Perú. Lima, Perú.
3Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins.
Introduction:
A decline in vaccine coverage has been seen in children living in Peru, under ve years of age; being the jungle region the most affected.
Objective:
Analyze the social and maternal factors associated with non-compliance with the national vaccination scheme in children under ve years of age in the Peruvian jungle, year 2019.
Methods:
Observational, analytical and retrospective study. The base of the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) Peru, 2019 was used. The study variables were selected and the SPSS 26.0 program was used for the analysis. From 4,373 selected surveys, it was shown that 57.5% of children under ve years of age in the Peruvian jungle had non-compliance with the national vaccination scheme (ENV); the associated factors were not having health insurance (RPa 1.2; p<0.000, CI95% 1.11-1.29), poverty (RPa=1.18, p<0.001, CI95% 1.08-1, 29), native mother tongue (RPa=1.17, p<0.001. CI95% 1.07-1.30), problems going to the health center (RPa=1.09, p=0.036, CI95% 1, 04-1.21), and mother/guardian age under 24 years (RPa=0.78, p<0.001, 95% CI 0.68-0.89).
Conclusion:
The risk factors associated with non-compliance with the ENV were: social, not having health insurance (RPa 1.2; p<0.000, CI95% 1.11-1.29), poverty (RPa=1.18, p< 0.001, 95% CI 1.08-1.29) and native mother tongue (RPa=1.17, p<0.001. 95% CI 1.07-1.30); and maternal, problems going to the health center (RPa=1.09, p=0.036, 95% CI 1.04-1.21), and mother/guardian age under 24 years (RPa=0.78, p <0.001, 95% CI 0.68-0.89).
Keywords: Vaccination schedule; Associated variables; Immunization.(Source: MeSH NLM).
INTRODUCTION
The prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases has been a great advance for public health, the most important benefit of the application of vaccines is the protection of the individual disease, and at systematic level is the control; elimination, and subsequent eradication of vaccine-preventable diseases1.
Vaccines are substances whose function is to generate antibodies; These substances may be composed of an entire microorganism, a part of it, or modified products that make the receiving body “simulate” the disease with less or no risk2.
There is an international and national tendency to reject vaccines, despite many studies that demonstrate the positive impact at the economic and social levels3. Peru has Law No. 28010 the General Law of Vaccines since 2003 in which vaccination activities for National Public Health are declared mandatory, from the date to the present multiple efforts have been made and actions have been implemented to expand coverage nationwide4.
For the present study, the year 2019 was selected, where the panorama is worrying with only a population of boys and girls with complete vaccinations of 60.7%, with a gap in coverage of health services in the different natural regions of Peru, being the jungle the most affected region, with the lowest rates of compliance vaccination scheme, barely 50-58%5.
Due to the aforementioned, the present investigation presents an association between maternal and social factors; and non-compliance with the national vaccination schedule in children under 60 months; Estimated based on a population survey.
METHODS
Type of investigation
Quantitative, observational, cross-sectional and analytical study based on the information contained in the public database of the Demographic Survey of Family Health (ENDES) 2019.
Population and Sample
The study population is composed of children under 5 years old residing in Peru during 2019 in the Peruvian jungle according to the information that is registered in the ENDES database. The sample size of the ENDES 2019 is 36,760 homes, corresponding: 14,780 homes in the headquarters area (department capitals and the 43 districts that make up the Province of Lima), 9,320 homes in the rest of the urban area, and 12,660 homes in the rural area. After making the selection with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a sample of 4373 children under 5 years of age was obtained.
Research variable
The dependent variable was the vaccination schedule which includes compliance with the following vaccines: 1 dose of BCG, 3 doses of Pentavalent, 3 doses of the Polio vaccine, 2 doses of the Rotavirus vaccine, and 2 doses of the Pneumococcal vaccine. The independent variables were grouped into maternal variables, within which certain characteristics of the mother are found, such as the highest educational level achieved, whether she has health insurance, age, and problems in going to the health center, and social variables which refer to the region, place of residence, area of residence, level of wealth, language or mother tongue learned to speak in childhood, and ethnicity.
Data Processing and Statistical Analysis
The data collection was obtained from the ENDES 2019 public database, then the databases that contained the pertinent and necessary variables for the execution of the analysis and to test the hypotheses were selected and downloaded. Each selected database was filtered, leaving only the variables of interest for statistical analysis and the key identification variables. The refined databases were joined and a new database was created, which contained all the variables necessary for the execution of the study. The database was downloaded from the website of the Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI) in SPSS format and the statistical analysis was performed with Stata software. To evaluate the association between qualitative or categorical variables, the Chi-square statistic of independence was used. As a measure for the evaluation of the risk factors, the ratio of crude odds (CO) and adjusted (AO) was used, the latter through a Poisson regression model with robust variances. For the inferential analysis, a confidence level of 95% and the associated expansion factor were used according to the sample design. It was submitted to the evaluation of the university ethics committee and, considering that a secondary source was used, no further ethical considerations were necessary.
RESULTS
Of the 4,373 children in the Peruvian jungle region, it was found a total of 2,513 (57.5%) kids had an incomplete vaccination schedule (Table 1). Regarding the demographic variables, there is a higher percentage of kids residing in the urban area with 2731 minors (62.45%) and it is in the rural area where the highest percentage of children with incomplete vaccination schedule is found (59.62%).
In the place of residence, we are shown that the study population is distributed mainly in the countryside with 1642 minors (37.55%); This area is where the highest percentage of children with incomplete vaccinations is found.
Table 1 Summaryof the sample.
| Compliance of vaccination schedule | Complete | 1860 | 42,5% | Incomplete | 2513 | 57,5% | |||||||||
| Residence area | Urban | 2731 | 62.5% | Rural | 1642 | 37.5% | |||||||||
| Place of residence | Small city | 1551 | 35.5% | Village | 1180 | 27.0% | Countryside | 1642 | 37.5% | ||||||
| Wealth index | The poorest | 1746 | 39.9% | Poor | 1488 | 34.0% | Medium | 670 | 15.3% | Rich | 340 | 7.8% | The richest | 129 | 2.9% |
| Mother tongue | Native | 700 | 16.0% | Spanish | 3673 | 84.0% | |||||||||
| Customs | Of indigenous or native people | 1560 | 35.7% | Westerners | 2813 | 64.3% | |||||||||
| Level of study | None or elementary | 1199 | 27.4% | High school or higher | 3174 | 72.6% | |||||||||
| Health insurance | have insurance | 3736 | 85.4% | Uninsured | 637 | 14.6% | |||||||||
| Region | Jungle | 4373 | 100% |
Table 2. Non-compliancewith the basic vaccination schedule according to demographic variables.
| Complete | Incomplete | Total | P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
| Residence area | Urban | 1197 | 43.8% | 1534 | 56.2% | 2731 | 62.5% | 0,07 |
| Rural | 663 | 40.4% | 979 | 59.6% | 1642 | 37.5% | ||
| Place of residence | Small city | 636 | 41.0% | 915 | 59.0% | 1551 | 35.5% | 0,04 |
| Village | 561 | 47.5% | 619 | 52.4% | 1180 | 27.0% | ||
| Countryside | 663 | 40.4% | 979 | 59.6% | 1642 | 37.5% | ||
| Wealth index | The poorest | 671 | 38.4% | 1075 | 61.6% | 1746 | 39.9% | <0,01 |
| Poor | 640 | 43.0% | 848 | 57.0% | 1488 | 34.1% | ||
| Medium | 314 | 46.9% | 356 | 53.1% | 670 | 15.3% | ||
| Rich | 165 | 48.5% | 175 | 51.5% | 340 | 7.8% | ||
| The richest | 70 | 54.3% | 59 | 45.7% | 129 | 2.9% | ||
| Mother tongue | Native | 229 | 35.4% | 470 | 64.6% | 700 | 16.0% | <0,01 |
| Spanish | 1630 | 44.4% | 2043 | 55.6% | 3673 | 85.0% | ||
| Customs | Of indigenous or native people | 619 | 39.6% | 941 | 60.3% | 1560 | 35.7% | 0,25 |
| Westerners | 1241 | 44.1% | 1572 | 55.9% | 2813 | 64.3% | ||
| Level of study | None or elementary | 463 | 38.6% | 736 | 61.4% | 1199 | 27.4% | <0,01 |
| High school or higher | 1397 | 44.0% | 1777 | 56.0% | 3174 | 72.6% | ||
Source: ENDES 2019 database *n= number, the odds ratio (OR) was used with Poisson Regression with robust variables
Regarding the wealth index, the condition of greatest poverty is the one that registers the highest percentage of kids with incomplete vaccination scheme with 61.60%. Regarding the language or mother tongue that is registered, the main language learned was Spanish with 3673 people (84.00%); in the learned mother tongue "Achuar" 100% of incomplete schemes are recorded. Regarding customs, the majority consider themselves mestizas (51.40%); those who consider themselves to be from other native or indigenous people have the highest percentage of incomplete vaccination schedules with 76.90%. According to the educational level reached, there is a greater distribution in incomplete secondary education (943; 21.60%) complete secondary education (1141; 26.10%), and higher education (1090; 24.90%); there is a higher percentage at the incomplete primary education level with 64.00% (Table 2).
Table 3. Non-compliancewith the Basic Vaccination Scheme according to maternal variables.
| Complete | Incomplete | Total | p-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
| Know which health center to go to | No problema | 1630 | 43.00% | 2161 | 57.00% | 3791 | 86.7% | 0.02 |
| Big Problem | 230 | 39.5% | 352 | 60.5% | 582 | 13.3% | ||
| Get money for treatment | No problem | 847 | 45.8% | 1002 | 54.2% | 1849 | 42.3% | 0.02 |
| Big Problem | ||||||||
| 1013 | 40.1% | 1511 | 59.9% | 2524 | 57.7% | |||
| Distance from health services | No problem | 1260 | 44.3% | 1584 | 55.7% | 2844 | 65.0% | 0.02 |
| Big Problem | ||||||||
| 600 | 39.2% | 929 | 60.8% | 1529 | 35.0% | |||
| Get transportation | No problem | 1268 | 44.3% | 1597 | 55.7% | 2865 | 65.5% | 0.02 |
| Big Problem | 592 | 39.3% | 916 | 60.7% | 1508 | 34.5% | ||
| Maternal age | from 14 to 17 years old | 19 | 20.9% | 72 | 73.1% | 91 | 2.1% | <0,01 |
| from 18 to 24 years old | 436 | 36.6% | 754 | 63.4% | 1190 | 27.2% | ||
| Older than 24 years old | 1405 | 45.4% | 1687 | 54.6% | 3092 | 70.7% | ||
| Health insurance | have insurance | 1644 | 44.0% | 2092 | 56.0% | 3736 | 85.4% | <0,01 |
| Uninsured | 216 | 33.9% | 421 | 66.1% | 637 | 14.6% | ||
Regarding the maternal variables (Table 3), multiple problems can be evidenced that are related to going to a health center; such as knowing which health center they should go to, in which 3791 mothers know which health center corresponds to them (86.70%) and this is where there is a higher percentage of incomplete vaccination schedules with 60.48%. The distance from health services is considered a major problem for 1,529 mothers (34.96%) and it is where there is a higher percentage of incomplete vaccination schedules with 60.76%; Getting transportation is not a big problem for 2865 mothers (65.04%), but in the group where there is a big problem, it is where there is a higher percentage of incomplete vaccination schedule with 60.76%. In the condition of being insured by a Health Service Provider Institution (IPRESS) they indicate that 3736 mothers have some type of health insurance (85.40%) and the highest percentage of non-compliance with the vaccination scheme is higher in those who do not have health insurance (66.09%).
Table 4. Analysisof maternal and social variables.
| Variable | OR | 95% confidence interval | OR | 95% confidence interval | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inferior | Superior | Inferior | Superior | ||||
| Lack of health insurance | 1.21 | 1.11 | 1.31 | 1.2 | 1.11 | 1.29 | 0.001 |
| Poverty | 1.18 | 1.09 | 1.28 | 1.18 | 1.08 | 1.29 | 0.001 |
| Customs of indigenous or native people | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.58 | 0.77 | 0.87 | 1.07 | 0.479 |
| Live in a rural area | 1.08 | 0.99 | 1.16 | 0.92 | 0.84 | 1.01 | 0.077 |
| Native or original mother tongue | 1.18 | 1.07 | 1.3 | 1.17 | 1.07 | 1.3 | 0.007 |
| Problems to go to the health center | 1.12 | 1.04 | 1.21 | 1.09 | 1.04 | 1.21 | 0.036 |
| Live out of town | 0.89 | 0.81 | 0.97 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 1.11 | 0.008 |
| Mother's age less than 24 years | 0.77 | 0.68 | 0.88 | 0.78 | 0.68 | 0.89 | 0.001 |
| None or elementary studies | 1.05 | 0.95 | 1.17 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 1.17 | 0.001 |
Source: ENDES 2019
When performing the bivariate analysis, it was necessary to have no health insurance (CO=1.21, CI= 1.11-1.31), poverty (PR=1.18, CI= 1.09-1.28), native mother tongue (CO=1.18, CI=1.07 -1.30), problems going to the health center (CO=1.09, CI= 1.04-1.21), mother/guardian age under 24 years (CO=0.77, CI=0.68-0.88) presented a statistically significant association with noncompliance of the vaccination schedule. No statistically significant association was found with the customs of indigenous or native people, living in rural areas, living outside the city, and level of primary education or no education at all. Furthermore, a multivariate analysis was performed (Table 4), where it was found that not having health insurance (AO=1.2, CI= 1.11-1.29), poverty (RPa=1.18, CI= 1.08-1.29), mother tongue native (AO=1.17, CI=1.07-1.31), problems going to the health center (AO=1.09, CI= 1.01-1.18), presented a statistically significant association with non-compliance with the vaccination schedule. It was found that age under 24 years of mother/guardian (AO=0.77, CI=0.59-0.77) is a protective factor. No statistically significant association was found with the customs of indigenous or native people, living in rural areas, living outside the city, and level of primary education or no education at all.
DISCUSIÓN
In the 2014 ENDES survey, it was shown that children with complete vaccinations for their age were 61.1%, representing an improvement compared to 2009 with 53.7%; for that year in the jungle, a percentage of non-compliance with the vaccination schedule of 57.5% was shown, the lowest of the regions studied1. In the present study, the percentage of non-compliance is 57.5%, which was similar to what was found in 2013 in the same natural region. In these cases, the percentage of coverage, at the national and regional levels, has been similar and is far from the expected coverage of 95%2,7.
The similarity in these cases may reflect the poor response to attempts to reduce the gaps in coverage. health care to one of the regions most affected by poverty and inequality2. In accordance with the research by Chuquin and Vásquez-Uriarte, there is a decrease in coverage of booster doses of some vaccines such as the DPT vaccine, polio vaccine, and measles3,4. Villalobos, for his part, similarly obtained a 55.9% non-compliance with the vaccination schedule in a health center in the province and region of San Martin, a similarly low coverage in the Peruvian jungle region5.
Likewise, Zevallos8 found a much more worrying scenario with 78.1% of children under 2 years of age with an incomplete vaccination schedule6. As soon as the absence of health insurance was found, this is a risk factor associated with non-compliance with the vaccination schedule; It is a result that is consistent with the work of Ruiz-Rodríguez, et al, in which they found that the probability of having the complete scheme for age is 2.4 times more likely for those who are affiliated with the subsidized health system, in the case of this study7. It is consistent with the study by Allred, et al, in which higher percentages of coverage were found in insured minors compared to the uninsured; 83% vs 75% respectively8. This study has found a risk association between living in poverty and non-compliance with the vaccination schedule, and this is consistent with previous studies such as that of Chuquin3as well as that of Damacen, which found earnings of less than 500 soles monthly as a factor of association with non-compliance with the vaccination schedule9. Villalobos also found an association between low-income mothers (400 to 800 soles) and noncompliance with the vaccination schedule5. The condition of being considered a native people or having customs of this, has been found as not significant in terms of non-compliance with the vaccination scheme. The study by Carmona, et al. expresses religious and cultural reasons why the Awajun people (Peru's native Amazonian community) reject vaccination; as the main reason not having gotten sick before, nor past generations; attributing to the disease a magical or supernatural origin; treating the cases with traditional therapies and resources10.
Amoroz in his research mentions that in the communities of Kayants and Pajacusa (originally from the Peruvian jungle) they have the idea that vaccines negatively affect the development of children, causing them to lose weight, making them more prone to diseases and have less energy. (eleven). The results obtained reveal that being from a rural area has no significant relationship with non-compliance with the vaccination schedule, which is consistent with Zevallos' research; which also finds no significant relationship6; however, the Damacen investigation; in an area of the Peruvian jungle region (Chachapoyas) shows that there is a statistically significant relationship and 3.9 times more probability of non-compliance with the vaccination schedule in mothers who live in rural areas compared to those who do not live in rural areas9.
Having a native language as mother tongue has resulted in a significant association in the study, part of the reasons why there is a non-compliance with the vaccination schedule may be explained by making a similarity with the Amoroz study; in which there may be discrimination by health personnel against indigenous people and the language they speak11; reinforced by the Nureña study in which he mentions that the vulnerable health situation of this population is exacerbated due to prejudice and discrimination of ethnic origin by health personnel12. The problems to go to health centers have had significant significance, the problems of knowing which health center to go to, getting money for treatments, distance from health services and getting transportation were grouped as great difficulties to go to health centers, which are shared in multiple investigations; Solis-Lino et. describes that one of every three parents who did not vaccinate their children was due to difficulty in reaching the vaccination site13; also in agreement with the study of Evangelista; in which one of every 10 mothers fails to comply with the vaccination schedule due to living far from the health center14. Gutierrez's study mentions that the economic sphere is not essentially the greatest difficulty in going to the health center; since from 2004 to 2015 there was a percentage decrease from 24.6% to 6.9% of people who do not go to a health facility due to illness15. This means that we must pay attention to different factors that can affect going to the health center; as example in the case of Amoroz; cases of maternal mortality were found, and one of the causes was due to the lack of transportation16.
The area of residence resulted in the present study has a statistically significant association; which has a high correlation with the aforementioned factors; as stated in the Contreras investigation; In these geographically dispersed communities, there is inaccessibility to the services provided by the state17. In the present study, a significant association was found with mothers being under 24 years of age and non-compliance with the vaccination schedule as a protective factor; it stands in contrast to Damacen's research; which found an association of being under 20 years of age with non-compliance with the schedule9, the investigations by Huané and Saavedra also found a significant relationship between age and non-compliance with the vaccination schedule18,19.
In contrast, the studies by Zevallos, Chuquin, and Vásquez-Uriarte found no significant association between the age of the mother and non-compliance with the vaccination schedule6,3,4. As mentioned in the Maguiña report, multiple factors intervene in the youth population that affects the lack of health of this population, such as the lack of education and health, high prevalence of tobacco and alcohol consumption; job insecurity and absence of health insurance2.
Regarding the educational level reached, no significant association was found; however, the study by Zevallos obtains a result that associates the degree of primary education as an associated risk factor6; Huané and Izquierdo's research also has a similar result, with a low or no educational level for non-compliance with the vaccination schedule18,20. A result that breaks this trend is the Barbacariu study, in which the majority of parents who are against immunizations were parents with university education; with the idea that they are not necessary or expressly do not work(21). It can be concluded in the present study that there is an association between maternal and social factors with non-compliance with the national vaccination schedule in children under 5 years of age, there is also a statistically significant association between maternal variables and non-compliance with the vaccination schedule; such as absence of health insurance, age, but not with educational level, and there is a statistically significant association between social variables associated with non-compliance with the vaccination scheme; as residential area; wealth level; language or mother tongue that you learned to speak in your childhood and ethnicity; but not place of residence.
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8 Article published by the Journal of the faculty of Human Medicine of the Ricardo Palma University. It is an open access article, distributed under the terms of the Creatvie Commons license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/), that allows non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is duly cited. For commercial use, please contact revista.medicina@urp.edu.pe.
Received: May 19, 2022; Accepted: September 22, 2022
Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons
