INTRODUCTION

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is defined as inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses lasting at least 12 weeks¹. It is multifactorial in etiology, but its infectious origin underscores the importance of the patient's immune status².

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who are preparing for kidney transplantation receive immunosuppressive therapy to decrease the likelihood of graft rejection. The resulting exacerbated immunosuppression state favors infections^3,4,5. CRS is one of the most significant infectious complications and a major factor of morbidity³. The prevalence of rhinosinusitis in solid organ transplant recipients is 12% among adults⁵.

The diagnosis of CRS is clinical, and the most commonly used criteria are those established by the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020 (EPOS 2020), which retained the 2012 criteria. These include: purulent rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, hyposmia/anosmia, and facial pain. At least two of these cardinal symptoms for 12 weeks and at least one of the first two must be present^6,7,8,9.

There are two clinical spectra of CRS based on the presence or absence of nasal polyps. Patients with CRS plus nasal polyps predominantly present with nasal obstruction, hyposmia/anosmia, and rhinorrhea, while those without nasal polyps show predominant alterations in taste, fatigue, facial pain, and posterior nasal discharge^10,11.

CRS is associated with comorbidities such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, allergic rhinitis, atopy, respiratory disease exacerbated by acetylsalicylic acid, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Helicobacter pylori infection^12,13.

Timely detection of CRS in patients with CKD optimizes decisions and interventions in the preparation for renal transplantation, reduces morbidity and mortality, and avoids major complications such as graft rejection and/or death³.

The aim of this research was to identify the prevalence of CRS, associated risk factors, anatomical variants, different subtypes, and their clinical characteristics in patients with CKD on protocol for renal transplantation.

METHODS

RESULTS

Out of 360 patients in the renal transplant protocol, 49 had CRS, yielding a prevalence of 13.61%. Those without CRS had a mean age of 37.3 years (±11.67, minimum 17, maximum 63); 54.7% were composed of 170 men. The mean age of patients with CRS was 39.22 years (±12.09, minimum 21, maximum 61), with a predominance of females: 53.1% (26 women).

The most frequent respiratory clinical manifestation in CRS patients, in decreasing order of percentage, was nasal obstruction at 95.9%; facial pain at 67.3%; nasal discharge at 49%, and hyposmia at 40.8%. In patients without CRS, nasal obstruction was 7.7%; facial pain, 4.2%; nasal discharge, 0.6% and hyposmia, 0.3%.

Risk factors present in both groups with similar frequencies were diabetes, smoking, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Notable differences were in terms of allergy to acetylsalicylic acid (p=0.014) and atopy (p=0.000). See Figure 1.

Figure 1 Distribution of risk factors in patients with and without chronic rhinosinusitis GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease. SAA: Salicylic Acid Allergy. * Factors with significant association (p<0.05). 

Regarding physical examination findings, in patients with CRS, edema/hyperemia is the most frequent at 95.9%, followed by mucopurulent meatal discharge at 46.9%. Meanwhile, the only finding in patients without CRS is mucosal edema at 5.5%. Those with CRS and nasal polyps: 14.3%. Risk factors significantly related to the presence of nasal polyps were: smoking (p=0.018), allergy to acetylsalicylic acid (p=0.000), and atopy (p=0.000).

Anatomical variation in CRS occurred in 40.8% of patients; while in patients without CRS it is 16.4% (p=0.000).

The distribution of the type of anatomical variant in patients with and without chronic rhinosinusitis, both their percentage and frequency, are represented in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Types of anatomical variants in patients with and without chronic rinosinusitis 

The average duration of illness before the diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis was 17.73±5.91 weeks.

The group of paranasal sinuses affected in patients with CRS were, in order of frequency: maxillary 93.9%, ethmoidal 36.7%, sphenoidal 10.2%, and frontal 8.2%.

Regarding the distribution of the Lund-Mackay score in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, the most frequent range was from 1 to 8 with 57.1%, followed by 9 to 12 with 30.6%, then 13 to 16 and 17 to 24 with 6.1%, respectively. (See Figure 3).

Figure 3: Distribution of the Lund-Mackay score in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis 

The SNOT 22 score distribution found in patients with CRS was moderate in 53.1%, followed by mild in 32.7%, and finally severe in 14.3%. In patients without CRS, it was mild in 97.1% and moderate in 2.9% (p=0.000) (See Figure 4).

Figure 4: Distribution of the SNOT 22 score in patients with chronic rinosinusitis 

DISCUSSION

CRS has a high incidence in immunocompetent patients. However, in those preparing for renal transplantation, it has been little explored and often underdiagnosed. These patients undergo immunosuppression, both due to the presence of CKD and pre-transplant therapy. Additionally, comorbidities such as diabetes contribute to immunosuppression^1,2,3. This makes patients especially susceptible to acquiring CRS, which often goes unnoticed. These cases cause additional complications and increase the possibility of death^3,4. This study shows the prevalence of CRS in patients preparing for renal transplantation treated at a specialized hospital of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social in Puebla, Mexico. The prevalence found in this study (13.6%) is higher than that reported in South Korea (4.2%), and very similar to that in the USA (12%) in transplant populations^5,16. This reaffirms the importance of deliberate detection in transplant candidate patients.

The age and gender are similar to other reports in similar studies. The female-to-male ratio generally remains between 45-50 or the reverse, depending on the study^17,18.

The most frequent clinical manifestations found in this study align with those described in other populations with CRS: Nasal congestion and discharge, facial pain, and olfactory alterations¹⁹. The same similarity occurs regarding comorbidities, with predominance of: Atopy/allergy, diabetes, smoking, sensitivity to acetylsalicylic acid, and gastroesophageal reflux¹⁶. The prevalence of atopy in different populations indicates its deliberate search in patients to be transplanted to detect hidden naso-sinusal disease.

The relatively low frequency of polyps in the CRS patients in this study (14.3%) contrasts with previous reports in populations without renal pathology (44.6% and 52.6%)^16,20. This finding requires subsequent work to confirm this low prevalence of polyps in patients with CKD.

In this study, a significant presence of atopy and allergy to acetylsalicylic acid in patients with nasal polyps stands out. They make up the so-called Samter's triad, which explains the high prevalence of respiratory disease exacerbated by this substance in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis²¹.

Also, the prevalence of anatomical variants in populations with and without CRS was similar to other reports, with predominance of Agger nasi and septal deviation. The low frequency of frontal sinus involvement supports the pathophysiological theory of naso-sinusal mucosal inflammation over mechanical obstruction in CRS²². The severity of CRS, in this study, assessed by the Lund-Mackay scale (predominantly in stage 1-8), did not differ greatly from other studies of patients with CRS unrelated to transplants²³.

The quality of life in patients with CRS, in various studies, varies widely from mild to moderate^20,24. In our research, the most frequent assessment was moderate. As a reminder, the construct of quality of life refers to sociodemographic, cultural, and economic factors that differ according to the surveyed population²⁵.

This study is expected to provide necessary information for decision-making in these patients preparing for transplantation. The deliberate search for these clinical manifestations in these patients and their timely study favors the early diagnosis of CRS, which can improve their outcome and prevent transplant failure.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis in patients in the renal transplant protocol in the central-southern region of Mexico is 13.61%. It predominates in women in their third decade of life. The associated factors are atopy and allergy to acetylsalicylic acid. The most frequent anatomical variants are Agger nasi and septal deviation. The most affected paranasal sinuses were the maxillary sinuses, and the severity was mild by tomography. The quality of life was moderate.

This high prevalence can lead these patients to transplant failure and even death.