SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.9 número3Acute heat stress detrimental effects transpose high mortality rate and affecting broiler breast meat qualityHS-SPME-GC-MS detection of volatile compounds in Myrciaria jabuticaba Fruit índice de autoresíndice de assuntospesquisa de artigos
Home Pagelista alfabética de periódicos  

Serviços Personalizados

Journal

Artigo

Indicadores

  • Não possue artigos citadosCitado por SciELO

Links relacionados

  • Não possue artigos similaresSimilares em SciELO

Compartilhar


Scientia Agropecuaria

versão impressa ISSN 2077-9917

Scientia Agropecuaria vol.9 no.3 Trujillo jul./set. 2018

http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2018.03.02 

ARTÍCULOS ORIGINALES

 

Effect of gamma radiation of 60Co on sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) (Asteraceae), from irradiated achenes

 

Díaz, L.E1.; García, S.A.L.2; Morales, R.A1,*; Báez, R.I.2; Pérez, V.E. 2; Olivar, H.A.1; Vargas, R.E.J.2; Hernández, H.P.2; De la Cruz, T.E.3; García, A.J.M.3; Loeza, C.J.M.4

1 Cuerpo académico Ecofisiología aplicada a cultivos en zonas áridas. Universidad Tecnológica de Tehuacán. Prolongación de la 1 sur 1101, San Pablo Tepetzingo Tehuacán, Puebla. C. P. 75859.

2 Ingeniería en Agricultura Sustentable y Protegida. Universidad Tecnológica de Tehuacán. Prolongación de la 1 sur 1101, San Pablo Tepetzingo Tehuacán, Puebla. C. P. 75859.

3 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares. Laboratorio de radiobiología. Carretera México -Toluca, La Marquesa S/N Ocoyoacac México. C. P. 52750.

4 Ingeniería en Agroindustrias. Universidad de la Cañada. Carretera Teotitlán-San Antonio Nanahuatipam. Km 1.7 Teotitlán de Flores Magón Oaxaca, México.

 


Abstract

In order to know the effect of 60Co gamma irradiation, in the sunflower crop, were irradiated achenes in the Transelektro LGI-01 in the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares. The data was evaluated under a completely randomized design, where the treatments were 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 Gy and four repetitions (10x4) = 40 experimental units. The response variables were: plant height, root length and volume, dry biomass. The results indicated that germination and sprouting decreased as the radiation increased, adjusting these to a quadratic model. Plant height, length, root volume and dry biomass decreased at high doses. From this investigation it was concluded, that doses of 100 and 200 Gy, have a stimulating effect on plant height and root length, being an important agent, to induce genetic variability in sunflower.

Keywords: genetic variability; mutation; phenotype.


1. Introduction

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), it is an oleaginous crop that for many years was considered to be of European origin, particularly from the old Russia, although its center of origin is northeast of Mexico and southeast of the United States of America (Torretta et al., 2010; Bye et al., 2009), where there are the ancestors of this, such as the genera Helianthus and Tithonia, with the latter has genetic compatibility and can be crossed due to their equal chromosome number 2n = 34 (Luévanos et al., 2010). Among the uses of this crop has been: ornamental, fodder and bioremediator plant of soils affected by hard water, due to its great capacity to absorb cations, such as Ca++ (Díaz et al., 2017). Regarding gamma irradiation, it is a type of ionizing radiation with great penetration power, due to its short wavelength. This is emitted by some radioactive elements such as 60Co, which is the most used in breeding programs such as radioinduced mutagenesis, to induce genetic variability that almost does not exist in nature (Iglesias et al., 2010). The prior art, has its foundation in the great penetration power of gamma radiation 7.5 MeV (1.2 x 10-12 J) (OIEA, 2017), which causes direct damage to the DNA molecule, since it breaks the hydrogen bonds that join the purine and pyrimidic bases, including causing changes in the mating of the same, causing in the soma mutations known as molecular mutations, which can be heritable (Lyaz and Naz, 2014). These changes, in most cases, can cause unwanted changes in the phenotype of the mutant, but in some cases, those mutations may be of interest to the breeder, thus, radio-induced changes can be: high yield, resistance to some adverse factor for the crop, new color shades, etc. (Gómez et al., 2017). Regarding the application of 60Co gamma radiation in crops, Díaz et al., (2003), mention that 60Co gamma rays, induce genetic variability in bulbs of Tigridia pavonia (L. f.) DC, in the M1V1 generation, when Tigridia is destined to gardening. On the other hand, Fe et al. (2000), mention that the application of 350 Gy of radiation, inhibit the production of pods in the cultivation of soybean (Glicine max L.). In horticultural crops such as potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), Salomon et al. (2017), they indicate that dose of 20 Gy of gamma irradiation of Co 60Co, stimulate the germination of the botanical seed Atzimba x TPS-13 whose germination is low. As you can see, in the sunflower crop, Work on this tendency to induce genetic variability is limited.

Therefore, the general objective of the present study was: to evaluate the effect of 60Co gamma radiation, from seedlings from irradiated achenes.

2. Materials and methods

Study area

The present investigation was carried out in the experimental field of the Universidad Tecnologica de Tehuacan, located at 18°24'51'' north latitude, 97°20'00'' west longitude and 1409 meters of altitude.

Germplasm and radiation dose

The genetic material consisted of achenes of sunflower cv. Victoria, which were donated by the germplasm bank, of "Ecofisiologia de Cultivos" Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Montecillos, México. The achenes were irradiated, in the Transelektro LGI-01, of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), located in Marquesa Ocoyoacac, Mexico.

Experimental design and treatments

The experimental design was completely randomized (DCR) with four repetitions (10x4) = 40 experimental units, following the mathematical model Yij = μ + Ƭi + εij where: Yij, is the response variable of the i- th radiation dose in the j-th repetition; μ, is the true general average; Ƭi, is the effect of the i-th radiation dose and εij, is the experimental error of the i-th radiation dose in the j-th repetition (Cochran and Cox, 2010; Infante and Zarate, 2005; Steel y Torrie, 1985). The treatments consisted of radiation doses: 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 Gy, which were previously determined for sunflower, as established by Díaz et al. (2017).

Sowing and handling of the experiment

The irradiated achenes were planted in 200-well polystyrene trays, using Peat moss as substrate, depositing an achene for each cavity. In order to obtain a good germi- nation, the substrate during sowing was maintained at field capacity. To avoid damage by solar radiation, the tray with the genetic material, was placed in the incubation area of a saw-type greenhouse. To avoid damage by pathogens, when the seedlings emerged, they were treated with streptomycin sulfate at a rate of 0.60 g L-1, using running water as a vehicle.

Response variables

Germination percentage

It was determined for each dose of radiation, by means of the relationship GP = 100 where: PG, is the percentage of germination; GS, germinated seeds and SS, seeds sowing.

Sprouting percentage

It was determined for each dose of radiation, by means of the relationship SP = SS 100 where: SP, is the percentage of sprouting; SP, sprouted plants and SS, seeds sowing.

Plant height

This variable was measured, starting from the epicotyl of the plant, up to the apical bud, using a ruler three meters high and reporting the result in centimeters.

Length and root

A representative sample of five seedlings was taken, to later measure, from the cap of the root, to the beginning of the epicotyl. To achieve the above, a digital vernier was used and the results were reported in centimeters.

Root volume

The root volume was calculated using the Archimedes principle. Using a 100 mL test tube, a volume of water known in this case was added, 50 mL. The volume of water displaced, when introducing the sunflower root, will be the root volume in cm3.

Dry biomass

Three seedlings were taken, which were introduced in paper bags, to be introduced in a foamed air oven, for 72 hours, until reaching the constant weight and measu- ring its weight, in a model analytical balance USS-DBS3-3 (Barrios et al., 2014). The variables were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA), in order to determine significant differences between them.

When the response variables were signi- ficant, they were applied Tukey's multiple comparison test, at a level of significance of 5% probability of error.

3. Results and discussion

Percentage of germination and sprouting Germination as well as sprouting, were adjusted to a third-degree polynomial model, with a highly significant coefficient of determination. The highest percentages of these variables occurred with doses of 100 and 200 Gy, whose values were 95 and 93% respectively, to decrease progressi- vely as the radiation dose was increased (Figure 1). These mathematical models, differ with those presented by Loeza et al. (2016), who mention that the germination in seeds of Hibiscus sabdariffa L., subjected to gamma irradiation of 60Co, decreases as the radiation dose increases from 5 Gy to 50 Gy and whose model had a linear fit. Similarly, Antúnez et al. (2017), mentions that the application of 100, 200 and 300 Gy of gamma radiation, does not affect the germination percentage of irradiated seeds of Physalis peruviana L., which differs with the present study. This is mainly due to the different species used in both studies, as well as the irradiation ranges used.

Morphological variables

The highest plant height, as well as root length and dry biomass, were induced with 100 and 200 Gy, while in the range of 400 to 700 Gy, plant height and root length were statistically equal. The lowest cumulative biomass was found in the high doses of radiation, 800 and 900 Gy, with 3.6 and 3.3 g respectively (Table 1). This response was due to a lower height of the plant, which caused the plant to accumulate a lower dry biomass. This same trend was observed in Leucaena leucocephala plants from irradiated seeds, where doses of 20, 80 and 100 Gy of irradiation, inhibit root growth, by 5 and 10% in relation to the control individual (Cepero et al., 2001).

Percentage of survival

Survival percentage was a consequence of germination and sprouting together, having a third order polynomial behavior (Figure 2), and whose coefficient of determination was high 0.99 and highly significant. As the radiation dose increased from 200 to 900 Gy, the percentage of survival decreased, indicating that the sunflower is a sensitive species at high levels of radiation, thus in this way the application of 500 Gy decreases survival by 54.9% (Figure 3). This same response was found in Polianthes, where the percentage of survival, decreases, by increasing the radiation dose from 10 to 30 Gy, despite being a tuberous plant (Estrada et al., 2011). In contrast Lemus et al. (2002), worked with two varieties of vigna bean (Vigna unguiculata L.), in similar ranges of irradiation, found that the application of 600 Gy, causes a drastic fall in the percentage of survival. This response to gamma irradiation was also studied by Ramírez et al. (2006), who when working with tomato seeds (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.), mention that the first effects of gamma radiation, affect physiological processes such as germination and seedling growth, submitted to these agents and report, then in tomato, the germination begins to decrease in 500 Gy, checking what was found in this investigation.

Figure 3. Effect of 60Co gamma irradiation on survival in sunflower seedlings (Helianthus annuus L.). Universidad Tecnológica de Tehuacán. 2017.

4. Conclusions

The following conclusions were derived from the present investigation. Germination, sprouting as well as the percentage of survival in sunflower, are affected as the gamma radiation of 60Co is increased from 300 to 900 Gy. Doses of 100 and 200 Gy have a stimulating effect on plant height and root length. The sunflower, is a species sensitive to gamma irradiation of 60Co, for this reason this physical agent can be used to induce genetic variability in this crop and in future studies of genetic improvement. for future work, It is recommended not to use radiation greater than 500 Gy, because 50% of the population dies, therefore, superior radiations are not necessary for a work of genetic variability.

Acknowledgments

The main author thanks the program for the professional development of teachers for the superior type, for the academic support to the project entitled "Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as bioremediator plant, of soils affected by hard wáter in Theuacan, Puebla". DSA/103.5/15/6828, and folio assigned to the teacher: UTTEH- PTC-026.

 

References

Antúnez, O.O.M.; Cruz, I.S.; Sandoval, V.M.; Santacruz, V.A.; Mendoza, O.L.E.; de la Cruz, T.E.; Peña, L.A. 2017. Induced variability in physiological characters of Physalis peruviana L. by 60Co gamma rays applied to the seed. Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 40(2): 211-218.         [ Links ]

Barrios, B.M.; Buján, A.; Debelis, S.P.; Sokolowski, A.C.; Blasón, A.D.; Rodríguez, H.A.; López, S.C.; Grazia, J.; Mazo, C.R.; Gagey, M.C. 2014. Root Biomass/Total Ratio in Soybean (Glycine max) Under Two Tillage Systems. Terra Latinoamericana. 32: 221-230.         [ Links ]

Cepero, L.; Mesa, R.A.; Lajonchere, G.; Prieto, M. 2001. Stimulation of the growth of Leucaena leucocephala cv. Cunningham with 60Co gamma rays. Pastos y Forrajes. 24: 235-240.         [ Links ]

Cochran, G.W.; Cox, M.G. 2010. Experimental designs. Ed. Trillas. Mexico, D. F. 661 pp.         [ Links ]

Bye, R.; Linares, E.; Lentz, D.L. 2009. Mexico: Center of origin of sunflower domestication. Revista Especializada en Ciencias Químico Biológicas 12(1): 5-12.         [ Links ]

Díaz, L.E.; Morales, R.A.; Báez, R.I.; Vargas, R.E.J.; Hernández, H.P.; Olivar, H.A.; Rosales, M.B.E.; Loeza, C.J.M. 2017. Potential absorption of calcium in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and its effect on pH and electrical conductivity. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6(6): 3299-3304.         [ Links ]

Díaz, L.E.; Pichardo, R.J.C.; De la Cruz, T.E.; Norman, M.T.; Sandoval, R.F.; Vázquez, G.L.M. 2003. Induced variability in Tigridia pavonia (L. f.) D.C. var. Sandra by irradiation of bulbs with 60Co gamma rays. Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura 9(2): 235-241.         [ Links ]

Estrada, B.J.A.; Pedraza, S.M.E.; De la Cruz, T.E.; Martínez, P.A.; Sáenz, R.C.; Morales, G.J.L. 2011. Effect of gamma rays 60Co in tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.). Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 3: 445-458.         [ Links ]

Fe, D.C.; Romero, M.; Ortíz, R.; Ponce, M. 2000. Radiosensitivity of soybeans to gamma rays 60Co. Cultivos Tropicales. 21(2): 43-47.         [ Links ]

Gómez, L.; Aldaba, G.; Ibañez, M.; Aguilar, E. 2017. Development of advanced mutant lines of barley with higher mineral concentrations through radiation-induced mutagenesis in Peru. Peruvian Journal of Agronomy 1(1): 14-20.         [ Links ]

Iglesias, A.L.G.; Sánchez, V.L.R.; Tivo, F.Y.; Luna, R.M.; Flores, E.N.; Noa, C.J.C.; Ruiz, B.C.; Moreno, M.J.L. 2010. Effect of gamma radiation on Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltd. et Cham. Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente 16(1): 5-12.         [ Links ]

Infante, G.S.; Zarate, D.L.G. 2005. Statistical methods: a multidisciplinary approach. Ed. Trillas. Mexico, D. F. 643 p.         [ Links ]

Lemus, Y.; Mendez, N.J.R.; Cedeño, J.R.; Otahola, G. V. 2002. Radiosensibilidad de dos genotipos de frijol

(Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) a radiaciones gamma. Revista UDO Agricola 2(1): 22-28.

Loeza, C.J.M.; Díaz, O.M.T.; De la Cruz, T.E.; García, A.J.M.; Olivar, H.A., Vargas, R.E.J.; Reséndiz, M.R.C.; Díaz, L.E.; Morales, R.A. 2016. Genetic improvement of some attrinutes agronomic in roselle (MALVACEAE) with gamma radiation of 60Co. International journal of development research 6(7): 8295-8298.         [ Links ]

Lyaz, S.; Naz, S. 2014. Effect of Gamma irradiation on morphological characteristics and isolation of curcuminoids and oleoresins of Curcuma longa L. Journal Animal Plant Science 24(5): 1396-1404.         [ Links ]

Luévanos, E. M. P., Reyes, V. M. H., Villareal, Q. J. A. Y Rodríguez, H. R. 2010. Obtaining intergeneric hybrids Helianthus annuus L. x Tithonia rotundifolia and its morphological and molecular analysis. Acta Botánica Mexicana 90: 105-118.         [ Links ]

Organización Internacional de Energía Atómica-OEIA. 2017. Manual of good practices for food irradiation. Colección de informes técnicos. No. 481. 91 p.         [ Links ]

Ramírez, R.; Gonzalez, L.M.; Camejo, Y.; Zaldivar, N.; Fernandez, Y. 2006. Radiosensitivity study and selection of the range of X-ray stimulant doses in four tomato varieties (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Cultivos Tropicales 27(1): 63-67.         [ Links ]

Salomón, D.J.L.; Gonzalez, C.M.C.; Castillo, Hernández, J.G.; Varela, N.M. 2017. Effect of gamma rays on the germination of botanical potato seed (Solanum tuberosum L.). Cultivos Tropicales 38(1): 89-91.         [ Links ]

Steel, D.R.G.; Torrie, H.J. 1985. Bioestadística: principios y procedimientos. 2ª. Edición. Mc Graw- Hill. Bogotá, Colombia. 640 p.         [ Links ]

Torretta, J.P.; Medan, D.; Roig Alsina, A.; Montaldo, N.H. 2010. Day visitors of the sunflower (Heliantus annuus L. Asterales: Asteraceae) in Argentina. Revista Sociedad Entomológica Argentina 69(2-1): 17-32.         [ Links ]

 

Corresponding author
E-mail:
alejandro.morales@uttehuacan.edu.mx (A. Morales)

 

Received May 23, 2018.
Accepted
August 13, 2018.

 

Creative Commons License Todo o conteúdo deste periódico, exceto onde está identificado, está licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons